Infection Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is pneumonia
inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
cause of pneumonia
community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)- the community setting or within the first 48 hours after hospitalization or institutionalization (S. Pneumoniae)
health care–associated pneumonia (HCAP)- nonhospitalized patient with extensive health care contact- MDRO hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)- develops 48 hours (about 2 days) or more after hospitalization ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)- been endotracheally intubated and has received mechanical ventilatory support for at least 48 hours (about 2 days) Oter types found in the concept maps (aspiration, opportunistic, viral/fungal, necrotizing)
S/S of pneumonia
Depends on the type of pneumonia, chills, rapid fever, tachypnea, shortness of breath, assessor muscle, bradycardia, night sweets, upper respiratory tract infections (headache, low-grade fever, pleuritic pain, myalgia, rash, and pharyngitis), orthopnea, diaphoretic, purulent sputum, breath sound Ronchi and cracks
Risk factors of pneumonia
Immunocompromised- chemotherapy, nutritional depletion, the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, travel, underline condition like COPD, diabetes, lung irritant’s, not moving, NPO, NG tube, antibiotic therapy, advance age, respiratory therapy, sedative,
Diagnosis Pneumonia
history (particularly of a recent respiratory tract infection), physical examination, chest x-ray, blood culture (bloodstream invasion [bacteremia] occurs frequently), and sputum examination. CBC/ABG, C-reactive protein
What is CURB65
Confusion, BUN > 20, Respiration ≥ 30, BP- SBP 90 or DBP ≤ 60, > 65 age
treatment for pneumonia
Antibiotics, analgesic, antipryetics, steroids pyrazinamide (TB)
oseltamivir or zanamivi (viral)
Voriconazole, amphotericin B or liposomal, amphotericin B or caspofungin (fungal)
nursing intention for Pneumonia
Naso trach suctions
Hydration- losses secretion, recover fluids (2L) Humidification-improve venation, loosen secretion, relieve irritation Deep breathing (IS)- encourage cough, improve patency Titrate O2 Rest and conserving energy Maintain nutrition Education (S/s, pathology, risk factors)
Complication of pnuemonia
hypotension and septic shock (T=100.4 OR 96.8,// RR > 20//HR>90//WBC <12k OR < 4K)
respiratory failure Pleural effusion- accumulation of pleural fluid in the pleural space (space between the parietal and visceral pleurae of the lung Atelectasis Bacteremia Delirium Lung abscess Pneumothorax
what is influenza
there are three types of influenza viruses that cause epidemics in humans: types A, B, and C.
How to prevent pnuemonia
Pneumococcal vaccination, flu vaccines
S/S of influenza
Fever, facial flushing, chills, headache, myalgia, and malaise are accompanied by cough and coryza (nasal discharge), About half of infected individuals have a dry or sore throat. Ocular symptoms such as photophobia, tearing, burning, and eye pain are common.
Risk factors for influenza
Droplets-
Children, Chronics diseases, immunodeficiency
Treatment for influenza
Provide symptomatic treatment for cough (antitussive) and fever) (antipyretics).
hydration
antiviral drugs (first 48 hours of the illness)
Diagnosis influenza
RT- PCR, Rapid molecular assays, Rapid influenza diagnostic, Viral Culture
preventing influenza
Trivalent vaccines are composed of three strains (two type A influenza and one type B influenza) or quadrivalent, composed of four strains (two of type A and two of type B)
Hand Hygiene, avoid sick people, cover cough,
Complication Influenza
Pneumonia, early/sinus infection, worsening of chronic condition, Reye syndrome (swelling of brain and liver)
What is cellulitis
is a localized infection and inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues and is usually preceded by skin trauma of some sort
S/S of cellulitis
Swelling, localized redness, warmth, and pain is frequently associated with systemic signs of fever, chills, and sweating, confusion, I&O
Risk factors Cellulitis MC
Injury, weaken immune, skin condition, lymphedema, overweight, History of cellulitis
Treatment option for cellulitis
oral antibiotic therapy- cephalexin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
IV antibiotics- cephalosporins Nursing Management elevate the affected area above heart apply cool packs to the site every 2 to 4 hours until the inflammation has resolved, and then transition to warm packs. Wound care, wound vacuum
Diagnosis Cellulitis
CBC, Wound Culture, Xray/ CT scan
Complications of Cellulitis
Septicemia, sepsis, Gangrene, Amputation
What is MRSA
S. aureus that is resistant to methicillin or its comparable pharmaceutical agents, oxacillin and nafcillin
Health Care–Associated MRSA.
Community-Associated MRSA
