Inflammation Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is GERD
disorder marked by backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus that causes troublesome symptoms and mucosal injury to the esophagus
What causes GERD
Excessive reflux may occur because of an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric stenosis, hiatal hernia, or a motility disorder.
S/S GERD
Pyrosis(heartburn), regurgitation, experience dyspepsia (indigestion), dysphagia or odynophagia, hypersalivation, and esophagitis, abdominal pain, hyperysalivation, lump in trouat, nutritio
Risk Factors GERD
tobacco use, coffee drinking, alcohol consumption, and gastric infection with Helicobacter pylori, aging patients, IBS, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis
Diagnosis GERD
Esophageal pH probe study: quantifies GER episodes as they correlate to symptoms.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): shows esophageal and gastric tissue damage from GERD. Complete blood count: may demonstrate anemia if chronic esophagitis or hematemesis is present. Hemoccult: may be positive if chronic esophagitis is present.
Treatment for GERD
Antacids
Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists Prokinetic agents Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Reflux inhibitors Surface agents/Alginate-based barrier Surgical- open or laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, which involves wrapping of a portion of the gastric fundus around the sphincter area of the esophagus
Nursing intervention GERD
ENCOURAGING ADEQUATE NUTRITIONAL INTAKE small feeding, upright postion
DECREASING RISK OF ASPIRATION RELIEVING PAIN
Complication GERD
dental erosion, ulcerations in the pharynx and esophagus, laryngeal damage, esophageal strictures, adenocarcinoma, and pulmonary complications
Barret Esophagus, dental erosion
what pancreatitis
is an inflammatory disorder characterized by progressive destruction of the pancreas
What is pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis- Self-digestion of the pancreas by its own proteolytic enzymes, principally trypsin, causes acute pancreatitis
Chronic (necrotizing) pancreatitis- inflammatory disorder characterized by progressive destruction of the pancreas
S/S Pancreatitis
edema and inflammation, abdominal pain (acute, mi epigastrium), abdominal distention; a poorly defined, palpable abdominal mass; decreased peristalsis; and vomiting, Ecchymosis, jaundice, confusion, leukocytosis
Risk factors Pancreatitis
avoid high-fat foods, heavy meals, and alcohol. Smoking
Gallstone, Blunt trauma, hypertriglyceridemia, CF
Diagnosis Pancreatitis
fulfillment of two out of the three following criteria:
a history of upper abdominal pain,
biochemical changes with serum amylase or lipase levels greater than three times the upper limit of normal,
Liver profile: often done to check for increased liver functions and/or bilirubin levels. Blood work: leukocytosis is common with acute pancreatitis. Hyperglycemia and hypocalcemia may also be noted., calcium, triglycerides, H&H C-reactive protein: levels may be elevated.
Typical findings on imaging (CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or ultrasonography,
Stool test
Treatment for Pancreatitis
NPO/paraentertel feeding NG suction
Histamine-2 (H2) antagonists/ Proton pump inhibitors Pain management opioids, NSAIDs Correct fluid, blood floss, albumin level Insulin, calcium, albumin Surgical- (diagnostic laparotomy); to establish pancreatic drainage; or to resect or debride an infected, necrotic pancreas Oral feedings that are low in fat and protein are initiated gradually. Caffeine and alcohol are eliminated from the diet.
Nursing Invertention Pancreatitis
withholding fluids, maintenance of gastric suction, and bed rest.
Pain control, educate, improve breathing, Nutrional status, skin integrity
What is appendicitis
Inflamed and edematous as a result of becoming kinked or occluded by a fecalith, lymphoid hyperplasia (secondary to inflammation or infection), or rarely, foreign bodies (e.g., fruit seeds) or tumors
Complication Pancreatitis
hypovolemic shock, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, and sepsis.
pancreatic cysts or abscesses, MODS, abscess, cancer
S/S of appendicitis
Vague periumbilical pain (i.e., visceral pain that is dull and poorly localized) with anorexia progresses to right lower quadrant pain (i.e., parietal pain that is sharp, discrete, and well localized) and nausea, low-grade fever, Local tenderness (McBurney’s point), rebound tenderness, Rovsing signs (touch left fell/pain right), constipation
Diagnosis appendicitis
Complete history and physical assessment
CT or ultrasound CBC – WBC, neutrophilia, C-reactive protein
Risk factors appendicitis
ages of 10 and 30 years., stool blockage
Male, family history, trauma
Treatment option appendicitis
Appendectomy (laparoscopic)
antibiotics, and IV fluids
Complication of appendicitis
Gangrene or perforation
peritonitis, abscess formation, or portal pylephlebitis
Nursing intervention pancreatitis
Pain, preventing fluid volume deficit, reducing anxiety, preventing or treating surgical site infection, preventing atelectasis, maintaining skin integrity, and attaining optimal nutrition.
Opioids, iv fluids, Incentive spirometer, ambulation
No edema or laxative
Types of Hepatitis
Hep A- oral fecal (Yes Vaccines) (15-50)
Hep B- blood-borne (Yes Vaccines) (45-180)
Hep C- Blood-borne (No Vaccine) (14–180 days)
Hep D- Only people with Hep B (No Vaccine) (2-26 weeeks)
Hep E- fecal–oral route/ between 15 and 65 days. (no vaccine)
Nonviral hep, Toxic Hep, Drud-induced Hep
