Infection

Question 1

What parts of the eye can get infected?

Answer 1

Conjunctiva- Conjunctivitis
Cornea- Keratitis
Entire globe- endophthalmitis

Question 2

What kind of infection do you get in the eye (name 5)

Answer 2

Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
Endophthalmitis
Cellulitis
Chorioretinitis

Question 3

What is conjunctivitis an infection of?

Answer 3

Conjunctiva

Question 4

What can cause conjunctivitis?

Answer 4

Bacteria
Virus
Chlamydia

Question 5

What bacteria most commonly cause conjunctivitis?

Answer 5

Staph aureus

Question 6

What bacteria can cause conjunctivitis?

Answer 6

S. Aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

Question 7

What are some of the symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 7

Red/pink eye
Bilateral
Itchy
Watery
Gritty
Pus filled

Question 8

How do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 8

Swab for bacteria

Topical antibiotics

Question 9

What viruses can cause conjunctivitis?

Answer 9

Adenovirus
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster

Question 10

What type of conjunctivitis can herpes zoster cause?

Answer 10

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

Question 11

What are some of the symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?

Answer 11

Red/pink eye
Bilateral
Itchy
Watery
Gritty

Question 12

How do you treat viral conjunctivitis?

Answer 12

Self limiting

Question 13

What bacteria can cause a bad form of conjunctivitis?

Answer 13

Chlamydia

Question 14

What are some of the symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

Answer 14

Red/pink eye
Bilateral
Itchy
Watery
Gritty
Pus filled
Treatment resistance
Chronic
Formation of follicles causing scarring

Question 15

What tissue does Keratitis affect?

Answer 15

Cornea

Question 16

What three things can cause keratitis?

Answer 16

Bacteria
Virus
Fungus

Question 17

What predisposes you to bacterial keratitis?

Answer 17

Primary pathology

Question 18

What are some symptoms of bacterial keratitis?

Answer 18

Hypopyon- Settled level of white cells
Painful
Gritty
Photophobia

Question 19

How do you treat bacterial keratitis?

Answer 19

Hourly eye drops for 48h

Question 20

What can cause viral keratitis?

Answer 20

Herpes simplex

Adenovirus

Question 21

What are some symptoms of herpes simplex viral keratitis?

Answer 21

Dendritic ulcers
Pain
Irritation
Reduced visual acuity 
Recurrent

Question 22

What must you not do to herpes simplex viral keratitis?

Answer 22

Use steroids

Question 23

What are the symptoms of adenoviral keratitis?

Answer 23

Bilateral
Following Upper Resp TI
Contagious

Question 24

How do you treat adenoviral keratitis?

Answer 24

Give topical AB for 2ndry infections

Question 25

What can cause fungal keratitis?

Answer 25

Acanthamoeba | Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 26

What are some of the symptoms of fungal keratitis?

Answer 26

Slow progression History of trauma Slow in healing

Question 27

What tissue does Endophthalmitis affect?

Answer 27

Whole globe

Question 28

How common is Endophthalmitis?

Answer 28

Rare

Question 29

What can cause Endophthalmitis?

Answer 29

Post surgery or endogenous | Staph epidermidis

Question 30

What are some of the symptoms of Endophthalmitis?

Answer 30

Severe pain Loss of vision Redness Hypopyon

Question 31

How do you treat Endophthalmitis?

Answer 31

Intravitreal amikacin/ ceftazidime/ vancomycin and topical antibiotics

Question 32

Can cellulitis affect the eye?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

What can cause cellulitis in the orbit?

Answer 33

``` Staph Strep Coliforms Influenza Anaerobes ```

Question 34

What are some of the symptoms of cellulitis?

Answer 34

``` Painful eyes- especially on movement Proptosis- Eyes pushed forwards Paranasal sinusitis Pyrexia Red skin localised to the orbit ```

Question 35

How do you treat cellulitis?

Answer 35

Scan for abscess Broad spectrum AB Drain abscess

Question 36

What tissue does Chorioretinitis affect?

Answer 36

Choroid and retina

Question 37

What can cause Chorioretinitis?

Answer 37

CMV in AIDS Toxoplasma gondii Toxocara canis (worm)

Question 38

What signs can be seen in CMV caused Chorioretinitis?

Answer 38

Hemorrhage on retina

Question 39

Where can toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis be acquired?

Answer 39

Cats and raw meat

Question 40

How does toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis present?

Answer 40

Flu like symptoms

Question 41

How do you treat toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis?

Answer 41

Rarely causes problems unless immunosuppressed

Question 42

Where can Toxocara canis (worm) be acquired from and how do you treat it?

Answer 42

Grows in and usually affects cats/dogs. | Can infect humans but can't replicate therefore self-limiting

Question 43

What is the most commonly used AB in ophthalmology?

Answer 43

Chloramphenicol

Question 44

How can Chloramphenicol be administered?

Answer 44

Drops or ointment

Question 45

How does Chloramphenicol work?

Answer 45

Inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme (therefore stops bacterial protein being made)

Question 46

What are some side effects of chloramphenicol?

Answer 46

``` Allergy Aplastic anaemia (rare) Grey baby syndrome- lower dose ```

Question 47

What can chloramphenicol be used to treat?

Answer 47

Almost everything bar Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 48

How do penicillins work?

Answer 48

Inhibit cell wall formation

Question 49

How do Quinolones work?

Answer 49

Inhibit DNA synthesis

Question 50

What is the most commonly used antiviral in ophthalmology?

Answer 50

Aciclovir