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Microbiology pt.1 > infection > Flashcards

infection Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

define infection

A

interaction between host organism and microorganism

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2
Q

describe the infectious process

A

entirety of physiological and pathological process that occur after the entry of microorganism into body

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3
Q

what are infectious diseases

A

ultimate stage of infectious process occuring in clinical symptoms

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4
Q

list the five stages of infectious disease

A
  1. incubation stage
  2. prodromal stage
  3. invasive stage (acme)
  4. decline stage
  5. convalescence stage
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5
Q

what happens during the incubation stage

A

period from entry of microorganisms into body until the onset of the first clinical symptoms

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6
Q

what indicates prodromal stage

A

short period during which nonspecific symptoms appear such as malaise and headache

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7
Q

explain the invasive stage

A

period during which the individual experiences typical signs and symptoms of specific infectious disease (e.g. fever, nausea, rash, swollen lymph nodes)

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8
Q

what is known as acme?

A

signs and symptoms reach their greatest intensity in the invasive stage

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9
Q

what happens during the decline stage

A

period during which host defenses and effects of treatment finally overcome the pathogen
- symptoms begin to subside

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10
Q

describe the convalescence stage

A

period during which tissues are repaired, healing takes place, and the body regains strength and recovers

  • no symptoms
  • other outcomes of infectious disease can occur death or individual becomes a carrier of the infection
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11
Q

name the two types of infection according to their origin

A

exogenous or endogenous infections

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12
Q

exogenous infection are

A
  • infection acquired from external environment

- pathogenic microorganism invade the body externally

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13
Q

endogenous infections are

A
  • infection acquired from internal environment

- microorganisms of normal microflora of body change typical ecological niche

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14
Q

what are single infections

A

single is caused by one species of microorganisms

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15
Q

what are acute infections

A

symptoms develop quickly and run its course rapidly

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16
Q

how long are acute infections

A

about 2 weeks

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17
Q

describe subacute infection

A

symptoms intermediate between acute and chronic

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18
Q

how long are subacute infections

A

duration is about 4 weeks

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19
Q

describe chronic infections

A

symptoms develop slowly

infection is slow to disappear

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20
Q

how long could be chronic infections

A

4 weeks

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21
Q

what is a typical (classical) infection

A

all stages of infectious disease are clearly present

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22
Q

what are atypical infections

A

all stages of infectious disease are fused and therefor cannot be clearly separated

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23
Q

how does an atypical infection progress

A

very rapidly

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24
Q

what are hidden (latent) infections

A

fail to produce the full range of clinical signs and symptoms

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25
name the reason behind latent infections
- either because of too few m.o's are present | - or because host defenses effectively combat the pathogens
26
what are local infections and where are they usually located?
- infections confined to a small region of the body - like a boil or bladder infection - usually at portals of entry
27
what are regional (focal) infections
in a confined region | - pathogens spread and reach regional lymph nodes
28
what are systemic infections and how do they spread
- throughout body | - spread by traveling through blood or lymph
29
why does a reinfection occur
- because of the variability of m.o.s as a result of mutations
30
what is a relapse
recurrence of symptoms of infection after period of improvement - inability of immune system to eliminate completely the pathogen
31
what are secondary infections
infections which follow primary infections
32
what causes a superinfection
- an agent resistant to the treatment for prim. infection
33
where does a superinfection result from
- destruction of normal microflora | - often follows use of broad- spectrum antibiotics
34
explain anthroponosis
infection transmissible from human to human (e.g. gonorrhea)
35
explain zoonosis
infection transmissible from living animals to humans (e.g. tularemia)
36
what is sapronosis
- human infection transmissible from abiotic environment | soil, water, decaying plants, or animal corpses, excreta, and other substrata
37
name examples of sapronosis
legionellosis caused by waterborne legionella pneumophila bacteria
38
how do pathogenic m.o.s spread?
by using blood, lymph, tissues and nerve trunks
39
what are bacteremia?
the presence but not multiplication of bacteria in the blood
40
explain viremia
presence but not multiplication of viruses in blood
41
what are toxemias
presence of toxins the blood
42
what could cause sepsis
presence and multiplication of pathogenic m.o.s in blood triggering widespread inflammation
43
what is septicopyemia
type of sepsis | - leads to widespread abscesses of a metastatic nature in different organs
44
describe the term pathogenicity
capacity of certain microbial species to produce infectious process in the infected host
45
which feature is relevant in pathogenicity
genotypic feature
46
define virulence
intensity or degree of microbial pathogenicity
47
what feature has virulence and how can it be measured
phenotypic feature | - by lethal doses
48
how many laboratory animals are killed during doses letalis minima
dose of m.o.s kills at least one lab animal in the infected experimental group of animals
49
define dosis certa letalis
- dose of m.os that kills all lab animals in the group
50
how many animals are killed by legalistic doses 50
50% of the lab animals
51
how is virulence determined
by invasiveness and toxigenicity of m.o.s
52
describe invasiveness
ability of pathogen to invade and grow in host tissues | - related to virulence factors the pathogen possesses and determines the severity of disease
53
what is toxigenicity
ability of m.o.s to produce exotoxins which damage host tissues
54
which bacterial cell wall components stimulate fever production after their death
- lipopolysaccharides are endotoxins that are released after the death of bacteria and then produce toxic effects
55
what function has the bacterial capsule
- mediates adherence to artificial and natural surfaces (e.g. prostheses, host tissues) and protects from phagocytosis (antiphagocytotic activity)
56
what component of the b.c.w. facilitates colonization of specific tissue surfaces and specific adherence to natural surfaces
bacterial pili
57
what are bacterial exoenzymes used for
are proteins - have enzymatic activity - needed for bacteria to invade and colonize host
58
who can produce bacterial exotoxins
gram + and gram - bacteria
59
what include bacterial exotoxins and what is their function
include cytolytic enzymes and receptor binding proteins that alter a function or kill the cell
60
how are toxins structured
- are dimeric with A and B subunits (A-B toxins)
61
where does the B portion bind to?
to a specific cell surface receptor
62
where is the A portion localized and what is its function
- transferred into the inferior of the cell | - acts to promote cell injurry
63
which tissues are targeted by these toxins
only very defined and limited
64
list the biochemical targets of A-B toxins
ribosomes, transport mechanisms and intracellular signaling
65
which type, endo or exotoxins, are more powerful
exotoxins
66
which organism mostly produces endotoxins
almost all gram- bacteria
67
what is the chemical nature of exotoxins
mostly polypeptides
68
which type of toxins is more stable?
endotoxins, can withstand several hours above 60 degrees
69
Which toxins produce fever
endotoxins | - exotoxins produce little or non
70
how is the antigenicity of exotoxins
strong | - stimulates antibody production and immunity
71
what type can be converted into toxoids
exotoxins by treatment with heat or chemicals
72
name examples of exotoxin diseases
botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus, diphtheria, staphylococcal food poisoning, cholera, enterotoxins, plague
73
what is the source of infections
natural habitation of pathogenic m.o.s | - live, propagate and excreted into environment
74
describe the term transmission route
pathway by which pathogenic m.o.s spread from the source to host
75
direct or indirect contact implies
direct -> touching or contacting directy source of infection | indirect -> touching or contacting contaminated items
76
examples of direct or indirect contact
skin and mucous membranes (fungal skin infections)
77
aerogenic infections come via
infectious droplets or aerosols during coughing, sneezing and talking
78
portals of entry of aerogenic infections are
respiratory tract e.g. influenza virus or tuberculosis
79
alimentary infections come via
ingestion of contaminated food and water
80
portals of entry of alimentary infection are
the mouth e.g. salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis
81
desribe the fecal-oral way of transmission
via infected stool of one person into the mouth of another, due to contamination of food or water supply or hand-to-mouth transmission
82
portals of entry of fecal.oral transmission are
the mouth e.g. rotavirus, hep A
83
transmissions by the bite of infected species like mosquitos, ticks, sandflies and black flies are called
via vectors (arthropods)
84
name the portal of entry of vector infection
blood e.g. tick-borne encephalitis
85
describe transplacental (vertical) transmission
- directly from mother to an embryo, fetus during pregnancy
86
portal of entry in transplacental transmission is
the placenta e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis
87
sporadic occuring infection in the society is
isolated occurrence of an infectious disease with no | apparent connections between localities or times of occurrence
88
which infection have regular and continuing occurrence in populations with no time limit
endemic infections
89
epidemic infections are
increased occurrence of infection within given localities and Time periods
90
describe the term pandemic
increased occurrence of infectious disease within given time period without restriction to given localities

Microbiology pt.1 (10 decks)

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