Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ESA 1 Revision > Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

Infection and Immunity Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Staphalococcus aureus

A

Boils, impetigo of the skin, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning. If in blood stream possibly endocarditis and osteomyelitis

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Strept throat and scarlet fever

Can lead to necrotising fasciitis, flesh eating bacteria

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Group B streptococci

A

Neonatal sepsis, meningitis

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Pneumonia

Also menigitis, sepsis, endocarditis

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neissaria meningitides

A

Septicaeimia and meningitis

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neissaria Gonorrhoeae

A

Gonorrhoea

Can lead to pelvic inflammatroy disease and epidiymitis

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Gas Gangrene

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Antibiotic associated Diarrhoea

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

TB

Gram stain n/a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy

Gram stain n/a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Echerichia coli

A

Diarrhoea, acute renal failure, haemolytic uremic syndrome

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Salmonella spp

A

(Gastro)Enteritis with diarrhoea

Typhoid fever

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Shigella

A

Colitis with bloody diarrhoea

Dysentry

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Pneumonia, potential for septicaemia

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Legionella spp

A

Legionnaires disease, Pontiac fever, acute influenza or pneumonia

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Causal role in peptic ulcers, especially Duodenal ulcers

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bacteroides spp

A

Abcesses,

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chlamydia spp

A

Chlamydia

Gram stain n/a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is infection?

A

The colonisation/multiplication of a pathogenic microbe on or in a susceptible host with associated disfunction and damage.

The process by which disease is transmitted via microorganisms from one person to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes infection?

A

Pathogen microbes

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Protazoan

Infestation by worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Koch Henle Postulates (1882)

A

The agent must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by isolation in pure culture

The agent must not be found in cases of other disease

Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in experiemental animals, and must be recovered from the experimental disease produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are some individuals susceptible to particular infections?

A

Weakened immune systems

Poor nutrition

Poor living circumstances

No access to health care or vaccinations

Genetic predispostion

Lifestyle, for example STDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What influences the outcome of infection?

A

The host’s immune system, the affected body systems and the drugs used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is human DNA affected by microbial interactions?

Describe how viral and bacterial infections may be linked

A

Human genome hugely shaped by interactions, viral insertions

Viral infections often preced bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How can bacteria be stained?
Haemotoxylin and Eosin stain bacteria poorly. Most bacteria are stained by the gram stain Acid Fast detects mycobacteria which are not be identified by gram. TB and leprosy.
26
What are the key properties of eukaryotes?
No cell wall No envelope No capsid Membrane bound organelles Nucleus DNA and RNA No pili or flagella No reverse transcriptase
27
What are the key properties of bacteria?
Peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide cell wall No capsid No membrane bound organelles No nucleus- circular DNA plasmids DNA and RNA Pili, flagella No reverse transcriptase
28
What are the key properties of viruses?
Can be enveloped No organelles, obligate intracellular parasite Can have capsids DNA or RNA No pili or flagella Can have reverse transcriptase
29
How do you carry out a Gram stain?
+ Crystal violet, binds to - cell components ## Footnote Iodine forms a large molecular complex with crystal violet Acetone or methanol extract the complexes through gram negative cell wall but not gram positive A red dys is used to stain the gram negative cells
30
What is the gram stain used for?
To detect and classify most bacteria Gram negative or gram positive depending on the cell wall Reveals medical differences
31
What is a gram positive bacteria and what colour does it stain? What is a gram negative bacteria and what colour does it stain?
A gram positive bacteria has a plasma membrane surrounded by a very thick layer of peptidoglycan. Stains purple A gram negative bacteria has a cytoplasmic plasma membrane, then a thin layer of peptidoglycan, then an outer plasma membrane
32
Define the term pathogen and non pathogen
A bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease whereas a non pathogen is a bacterium that does not cause disease. Non pathogens may have essential ecological roles
33
Describe variations in bacteria shapes
Cocci: spherical Bacilli: rods Coccobacilli Sprllum: spiral Vibrio: comma Staphylococci: grape like clusters Streptococci: chains Diplococci: pair Spirachaete: corkscrew
34
What is the significance of the genome composition of viruses?
RNA viruses are more likely to mutate as RNA is less stable
35
Describe the significance of an envelope surrounding a virus
If a virus has an envelope it is more easily sterilised as if holes are punched through the envelope the virus can not survive
36
What are the different replication strategies used by viruses?
RNA viruses can use reverse transcriptase e.g. HIV DNA viruses can use cell machinery e.g. HPV Or a virus can carry its own replicatio enzymes
37
How can bacteria be grown and measured?
In a broth/liquid, measure turbidity Agar, count colonies Both of these are unnatural Biofilms: this is how bacteria are found in nature, on surfaces as complex communities like on teeth
38
How do bacteria multiply? Growth curve
BINARY FISSION replication Lag, log, stationary, death
39
What are the requirements for bacteria growth?
Specific energy source Specific building blocks Specific atmosphere: aerobes need oxygen, facultative organisms can be with or without oxygen, anaerobes must not have oxygen
40
Which general types of bacteria are gram positive?
Staphylococcus Streptococcus Clostridium (bacilli)
41
Which general types of bacteria are gram negative?
Neisseria (cocci) BACILLI: Escheria, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Helicobacter, Bacteriodes, Chlamydia
42
Name examples of b Lactam antibiotics and what they target
Penicillin, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, cephalexin They target the bacteria cell wall
43
What glycopeptide antibiotic targets bacterial cell walls?
Vancomycin
44
Which antibiotics target protein synthesis? Try and give which group they are in
Gentamicin (Aminoglycoside) Erythromycin (macrolide) Tertracycline (polyketide)
45
What is antibiotic that targets DNA?
Ciprofloxacin, a chemotherapeutic
46
What is an antibiotic that targets RNA polymerase?
Rifampicin
47
Describe some properties of viruses
Acellualr Can not multiply without the support of cells, need biosynthetic machinery All that infect humans are pathogens, but many can not parasitise us Different types infect eukaryotes and prokaryotes (bacteriophages)
48
How can a virus be surrounded?
A protein coat called a capsid Which may or may not be surrounded By a host cell derived lipid envelope, gained by budding off
49
What are indications of a viral infection?
Intracellualr Viral inclusion bodies - NEGRI BODIES Abundant ribonuceloprotein in the inclusion Owls eye inclusion for cytomegalovirus infections such as herpes Damage to cells: CYTOPATHIC EFFECT
50
What do viruses have no genes for?
Encoding proteins for metabolic energy generation Encoding proteins for metabolic protein synthesis Some have no genes encoding enzymes for nucleic acid synthesis, it depends on the group
51
What types of nucleic acids can viruses contain?
Single or double stranded DNA or RNA Can be linear, circular, nicked Unsegmented or segmented - allows for chromosomal reassortment such as in flu SS RNA can be + or - sense +RNA: genomic RNA can serves as mRNA and be directly translated into protein -RNA: can't serve as mRNA, needs to be processed before translation, such as retroviruses
52
Describe a capsid
Protein outer coat Composed of individual sub units, CAPSOMERS Protects from harsh conditions Involved in attachment to host cells 2 structure types: icosahedral, helical
53
What are the requirements for a virus to infect a host cell?
Cell must contain a receptor for the virus to bind to The part of the virus that binds to a receptor is a LIGAND Some infections are tissue specific, for example HIV in T lymphocytes (CD4 receptor/CXCR4) or macrophages(CCR5 receptor) Needs cellular machinery for viral replication
54
What is a ligand?
The part of a virus that bind to a host cell It is on the capsid of a naked virus, and the envelope of an enveloped virus
55
What is a host range?
Spectrum of host cells that a virus can successfully infect or replicate in
56
What are examples of DNA enveloped viruses? What are their effects?
Hepatitis B: inflamed liver Herpes: oral/genital sores Small pox
57
What are examples of DNA non enveloped viruses?
HPV warts: cervical cancer Causes cells to proliferate uncontrollably
58
What are some examples of RNA enveloped viruses and what are their effects?
HIV: AIDS Rubella: rash, congenital rubella syndrome Rotavirus: diarrhoea Coronavirus: colds/SARS
59
What are some examples of RNA non enveloped viruses?
Picornaviruses Polio: inflammation of the spinal cord Hepatitis A: liver disease
60
What are the modes of transmission?
Direct contact Sex Vertical transmission Environment Respiratoty GI: fecal oral Transcutaneous: innoculation
61
How can infection be spread around the body? How can they be curtailed?
Nerves, blood , lymph Cell mediated immunity
62
What are sources of infection?
Ruminant faeces Animal to person (zoonosis) Meat Waterborne Cross contamination in food preparation Person to person Other foods of animal origin
63
64
Describe key figures in the recognition of infection and microbiology
Hippocrates 3BC, Leuwenhoek 17C
65
Describe key figures in the study of infection transmission
Snow: broad street pump Hunter: study of inflammation and venereal disease Semmelweiss: hand washing Nightingale: cleanliness stopping infection
66
Key figures in proving microbes cause disease and fighting them
Pasteur Lister Koch Ehrlich Fleming
67
What are the limitations of Koch Hele postulates?
Fine for acute diseeases But not for chronic or minor conditions Multiple causes If pathogen can't be grown
68
What are the different habitats that may be occupied by microbes?
Air Soil Bodily fluids Animals Plants Humans
69
What is a reservoir?
Any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent lives/multiplies
70
What is a source?
Readily available form of infection agent
71
What are modes of transmission?
Ingestion Inhalation Physical contact Inoculation Sexual
72
How does infection spread? Decribe method
Reservoir to Immediate source to Mode of transmission to Susceptible host
73
Define Carriage
Passage taken by a microorganism EG nasal, throat
74
What is normal flora?
Non pathogenic bacteria normally found in our bodies: eg the gut
75
What is commensal?
Symbiotic relationship where one species derives benefit (microne) and the other is unaffected (host) This is the time when the microbe may be replicating or waiting for the immune system to become compromised
76
Describe how microbes infect a host
Encounter Entry/establishment Colonisation Either then commensal or Spread, multiply, damage, outcome Increasing damage
77
How can spread of infection be prevented in hospitals?
Eliminate microbe from reservoir/immediate source Isolate susceptible host from immediate source or protect Protect transmission
78
What is R0?
The number of secondary cases derived from one infected individual
79
How is the R0 value interpreted?
If R0 \>1: infection propagates If R0\<1: infection dies out
80
How can infection be prevented (give specific examples) Put in decreasing order of effectiveness
Handwashing (most effective) Cohorting of staff Antibiotic use
81

ESA 1 Revision (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions