infection and inflammation

Question 1

what can B cells do when they encounter a foreign antigen?

Answer 1

clone themselves to produce plasma cells, which produce antibodies (with help from t-helper cells) and neutralise the infection

Question 2

what are the 3 ways antibodies neutralise and kill infections?

Answer 2

Neutralisation: coat the pathogen and prevent it from interacting with the host cell surface;
Opsonisation: coat the pathogen to attract and
encourage phagocytic cells
Complement fixation: coat the pathogen to active blood proteins (complement) to kill the pathogen

Question 3

which circulating inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation in sepsis

Answer 3

histamine and nitric oxide

Question 4

what does a drop in urine indicate in sepsis

Answer 4

hypotension (heart failure) and renal failure