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gcse bio paper 1 > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

communicable disease vs non communicable

A

communicable: can be spread from person to person via pathogens

non communicable cannot

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2
Q

what is a pathogen and what are the types

A

microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

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3
Q

how are pathogens spread

A

air
water
direct contact

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4
Q

how to prevent spread of pathogens

A
  • regular hand washing
  • condoms
  • isolate patients
  • vaccinations
  • dont share cutlery
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5
Q

how does bacteria make you feel ill

A
  • reproduce rapidly when inside body
  • release toxins, which damage tissues and make us feel ill (they cause symptoms)
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6
Q

how do viruses make you feel ill

A

reproduces rapidly inside cells, causing them to burst and die which causes us to feel ill

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7
Q

what disease is measles and give causes, symptoms, prevention

A

virus
- spread when droplets in air from cough or sneeze are inhaled
- fever, red skin rash, damaged breathing system, damaged brain, fatal
-vaccination when young

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8
Q

what disease is hiv and give causes, symptoms, and preventions

A

virus
- sexual contact, exchanging fluid eg sharing infected needles
- flu symptoms, damages immune system until other infections & cancer cells cannot be fought off (late stage HIV, or AIDS, - fatal)
-antiretroviral drugs stop the virus replicating - taken for lifetime

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9
Q

what disease is salmonella and what are the causes, symptoms, and preventions

A

bacterial
- ingesting infected food
- fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
- chicken vaccinated

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10
Q

what disease is gonorrhoea and what are the causes, symptoms, and preventions

A

bacterial
- sexual contact
- thick yellow or green discharge from penis/vagina, pain when urinating
- originally penicillin, however strains of bacteria have become resistant. condoms, getting tested for antibiotic prescriptions

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11
Q

what disease is malaria and what are the causes, symptoms, and preventions

A

protist
- person with malaria bitten, pathogen passes into mosquito (vector), mosquito bites another person, pathogen passes into person
- fever, fatal
- draining still water to stop breeding, & mosquito nets

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12
Q

what disease is tobacco mosaic virus and what are the symptoms

A

virus in plants
- discolouration in mosaic pattern, reduces phtsyths & growth

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13
Q

what disease is rose black spot and what are the causes, symptoms and preventions

A

fungal in plants
- spread by water/wind
- purple/black spots, turns yellow & fall off. reduces phtsyths & growth
- fungicides, destroy infected leaves

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14
Q

causes of plant damage

A

insects aphids extract nutrients from plant, stunting growth

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15
Q

signs of plant disease

A
  • presence of insects that may carry disease
  • discolouration
  • spots on leaves
  • stunted growth
  • decay
  • abnormal growths
  • malformed stems or leaves
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16
Q

how to identify plant disease

A
  • manuals and websites
  • in a lab
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17
Q

how can plants get disease without pathogens

A

plant ion deficiency disease

lack of:
- nitrate ion: prevents protein synthesis, stunts growth
- magnesium ion: chlorophyll cannot be made, causing chlorosis

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18
Q

plant physical defences

A
  • cellulose cell wall
  • leaves covered in waxy cuticle
  • dead cells around stem, eg bark

makes it difficult for microorganisms to penetrate

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19
Q

plant chemical defences

A
  • produce antibacterial chemicals, kills bacteria
  • produce poison to deter herbivores
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20
Q

plant mechanical defences

A
  • thorns or irritable hairs to deter herbivores
  • leaves that droop or curl when touched, knock off insects
  • mimic other organisms eg mimic stinging nettle
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21
Q

bacteria vs virus

Study These Flashcards
A

bacteria can reproduce every 20 mins, viruses can only reproduce inside a host

viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics, bacteria can

22
Q

define health

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A

the state of physical and mental well-being

23
Q

why might some people be more likely to catch a disease than others?

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A

diseases can interact
eg TB can usually be fought off by immune system, however someone with HIV will have defective immune system so wbcs wont kill as effectively

disease can cause another
eg HPV is usually typically harmless, however can cause cervical cancer

infections can be triggered by immune system
eg allergies, asthma, dermatitis

mental illness can be triggered by physical illness
eg arthritis can cause depression from isolation and lack of movement

24
Q

how do humans fight disease

Study These Flashcards
A
  • non specific defence system
  • immune system
25
what is the non specific defence system with specifics
features of body that prevent pathogens entering Skin - protective layer, has dead cells (hard to penetrate), secretes sebum (kills bacteria), able to form scabs when layer is damaged hair & mucus - trap pathogens cilia - line trachea and bronchi, covered in mucus (traps pathogens) and wafts them to throat to be swallowed to stomach stomach - hydrochloric acid kills pathogen
26
ways that immune system fights disease
white blood cells - phagocytosis - antibodies
27
what is phagocytosis?
When white blood cells detect, ingest, and destroy pathogens using enzymes
28
how do white blood fight disease using antibodies and antitoxins?
- pathogen has antigens on surface - WBC produces antibodies - binds to antigen & triggers other WBCs to destroy - antibody is specific to pathogen - wbc multiplies amd stays in body, fights faster if pathogen invades again - WBC produces antitoxins - binds to toxins to prevent them damaging cells
29
how are antibodies produced
by lymphocytes in response to antigens (anything foreign)
30
what is a monoclonal antibody
identical antibodies from a cloned white blood cell, meaning all the antibodies are identical and will only target one specific antigen
31
how to target one specific antigen
monoclonal antibodies - inject mouse with antigen - lymphocytes in mouse produce antibodies against antigen - lymphocytes collected - lymphocytes wont divide by mitosis, so fused with tumour cells, which divide lots, to form hybridoma - hybridoma cell that contains wanted antibody selected - divides by mitosis to get clones of identical cells, which will produce identical antibodies (monoclonal antibodies) - antibodies collected and purified
32
uses of monoclonal antibodies and disadvantage
- accurate pregnancy tests that are cheap and easy to use - measure hormone levels. blood sample taken and tested using monoclonal antibodies - bind to dyes, add to sample, rinse off to locate/identify pathogens - treating cancer. monoclonal antibodies made specific to cancer cells & attach toxic drug to stop mitosis. doesnt affect body cells - harmful side effects
33
what do vaccines contain and why
Dead or weakened pathogens so it cannot lead to disease
34
What is a vaccination do?
Create immunity without making you sick
35
how do vaccinations work?
- dead or weakened pathogens injected into body - WBC responds like normal, produces antibodies/antitoxins - memory cells produced and WBC divides via mitosis - copies stay in blood, can rapidly produce correct antibodies if live pathogen invades
36
what is herd immunity
vaccinating a large number of people, so those unvaccinated (migrated, missed when younger) cannot catch disease as no one can pass pathogen on
37
what drugs can be prescribed for disease and what are the negatives
painkillers - relieve symtpoms, do not kill pathogens antibiotics - kill bacteria in body without damaging body cells. carefully prescribed as specific antibiotics kill specific pathogens. - antibiotic resistance -> drug overused, bacteria evolves to withstand
38
why is it difficult to treat viruses
viruses live inside human body cells, difficult to kill without damaging tissue
39
name medicines and where they are extracted from
digitalis (heart problems) - foxglove aspirin (painkiller) - willow penicillin - the mould penicillium
40
what are drugs tested for?
efficacy, safety, dosage
41
how to test new drug
- preclinical (non-human): Cells, tissues, animals, in lab - clinical (human): a few healthy people with low dose, healthy people to find optimal dose - double blind - peer review
42
how can you test how well a drug works
double blind trial: patients (control) randomly split: - one group receive active drug - one group receive placebo - neither patients or doctors know who has taken what to stop bias of doctors monitoring active group - doctor can see and compare effects of treatment - peer reviewed
43
how to pregnancy test work?
there is a hormone only found in pregnant women there are antibodies to this hormone on the bit you wee on, with blue beads attached the hormone binds to these antibodies/beads moves up stick, carrying hormones/beads there are more antibodies on the test strip that are stuck on hormone binds to the antibodies on this strip, blue beads with it strip turns blue
44
how does less chlorophyll affect a plant
fewer choroplasts - less light absorbed - less glucose - therefore less proteins can be made, which is needed for growth
45
how do fungi defend themselves from microorganisms
produce antibiocs to kill bacteria
46
what do plants provide for bacteria
glucose for respiration to release energy for other reactions
47
disadvantages of vaccination
- not always successful in providing immunity - can cause bad reactions eg fever
48
advantages of vaccination
- erdaticated many diseases eg smallpox - epidemics prevented through herd immunity
49
what is a vector
organism that transmits pathogen to other organisms without being infected itself
50
why might pregnancy test not work
no free monoclonal antibodies bound to strip

gcse bio paper 1 (4 decks)

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