Infection and Response

Question 1

Pathogen definition

Answer 1

Micro-organisms that cause disease by entering the body

Question 2

How do viruses reproduce

Answer 2

Replicate inside cells, burst out of cells releasing lodes of viruses

Question 2

How do bacteria make you feel ill

Answer 2

Produce toxins that damage your cells

Question 3

What is a protist

Answer 3

A eukaryotic Micro-organism

Question 4

The ways pathogens are spread and examples

Answer 4

Skin contact- althetes foot
Water- Cholera
Air- Influenza

Question 5

How measles spreads, its symptoms and how it is cured

Answer 5

Droplets of liquid from sneezes
Red Rash
Vaccination

Question 6

How HIV spreads, its symptoms and how it is cured

Answer 6

Exchange of body fluids
Damages immune system causing AIDS
Antiviral drugs

Question 7

Tobacco mosaic virus and why it is bad for plant

Answer 7

Causes discolouration in leaves
Plants less photosynthesis

Question 8

How Rose Black Spot spreads, its symptoms and how it is cured

Answer 8

Spreads due to fungi spores
Plants less photosynthesis
Fungicide

Question 9

What is Malaria caused by

Answer 9

Mosquitos putting PROTIST into our body

Question 10

What is something that carries pathogens called

Answer 10

vector

Question 11

Salmonella symptoms

Answer 11

Fever, vomiting, diahorrea

Question 12

Symptoms of Gonhorrea

Answer 12

Thick yellpow discharge
Pain when urinating

Question 13

4 general methods of stopping disease spread

Answer 13

Hygiene
Destroy Vectos
Isolate
Vaccinate

Question 14

What causes yellow leaves in plants

Answer 14

Not enough Magnesium ions

Question 15

What does a lack of nitrate ions cause

Answer 15

Stunted growth

Question 16

A mechanical way plants stop getting disease

Answer 16

Thorns

Question 17

A physical way plants stop getting disease

Answer 17

waxy cuticle

Question 18

4 ways the body defend against pathogens

Answer 18

Skin acts as a barrier
Hair and mucus in nose trap particles
Trachea produces mucus which is travelled up the throat by cillia
Stomach acid

Question 19

3 ways white blood cells kill pathogens

Answer 19

Phagocytosis
Lymphocytosis- antibodies bind to antigens and rip pathogens apart
Produce antitoxins neutralising toxins produced

Question 20

How do vaccinations work

Answer 20

A dead or weakened version of the virus is injected into the body. The body detects the antigen and sends white blood cells to produce specific antibodies to bind onto this antigen. After the pathogen is removed the body uses memory cells to remember the antigen

Question 21

Pros and cons of Vaccinations

Answer 21

Prevent epidemics
Control communicable diseases

May not work
Some have a drastic reaction to it

Question 22

Stages of drug testing

Answer 22

1.Drug is researched pros and cons and if it works or is dangerous
2.Drug is tested on human cells and tissues
3.Test is carried out on living animals
4.Tested on healthy human volunteers with little dose and 50% placeabo and a blind or double blind trial
5.Tested on people who actually have the disease to see if it works and the optimum dose

Question 23

Where do we get aspirin from

Answer 23

Willow

Question 24

What drug do we get from foxglove

Answer 24

Digitalis

Question 25

What do we get penicilin from

Answer 25

Penecilluim mould

Question 26

How do you get monoclonal antibodies

Answer 26

1. Mouse injected with antigen(pathogen)
2. Mouse develops cells that produce anti-bodies to deal with pathogen
3. Isolate these cells and take them out
4. Fuse these cells with a tumor to form a hybridoma
5. The hybridoma is cloned producing meany anti-body producing cells

Question 27

3 Monoclonal antbodies uses

Answer 27

Hormone produced by pregnant women binds to antibodies and changes colour
Anti-cancer drugs can be attached to anti-bodies and can target specific cells
Used to bind to things in blood to measure blood levels and tests for pathogens

Question 28

Probelms with monoclonal antibodies

Answer 28

Fever, voimiting