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Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Give the levels of organisation starting with cell

A

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

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2
Q

Cell definition

A

Basic building blocks of all living things

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3
Q

Tissue definition

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and similar function being together

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4
Q

Organ definition

A

A combination of tissues carrying out a specific function

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5
Q

Organ system definition

A

Organs working together within a system

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6
Q

Organism

A

Organ systems work together to form living organisms

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7
Q

How do you test for sugar in food

A

Benedict’s reagent
Once heated the blue-green solution would go yellow-red

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8
Q

How do you test for starch in food

A

Iodine
Turns a blue black colour if starch is present

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9
Q

How do you test for protein in food

A

Biuret
Solution will change from blue to pink purple

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10
Q

How do you test for fats (lipids) in foods

A

Sudan III
Lipids separate , top layer turns bright red

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11
Q

What is the method for the rate of reaction for amylase

A
  1. Mark a test tube with the first value of the pH 4 buffer solution and put in test tube rack
  2. Into each well of the spotting tiles put a drop of iodine
  3. Measure 2cm3 of amylase using a test tube and pour into the test tube
  4. Using a syringe put 1cm3 of the buffer solution into the test tube
  5. Leave this to stand for 5 mins and then use the thermometer to measure the temperature
  6. Add 2cm3 of starch solution into the test tube and begin a timer
  7. After 10 seconds use a pipette to extract some of the amylase starch solution and place 1 drop into the first well of the spotting tile
  8. Every 10 seconds place a drop into the next spotting tile until the iodine remains orange
  9. Record the time for the starch to be completely digested by the amalyse by counting the wells that tested positive for starch each well represents 10 seconds
  10. Repeat 1-8 for pH 7 and 10
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12
Q

Label the digestive system going down

A

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niddk.nih.gov%2Fhealth-information%2Fdigestive-diseases%2Fdigestive-system-how-it-works&psig=AOvVaw1PQp5T-3Q_tbOJEBnVuXpl&ust=1700491357742000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCJDmv4ym0IIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

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13
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions

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14
Q

What happens to enzymes when they speed up a reaction

A

Nothing they are not used up

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15
Q

Enzymes are made of

A

Amino acids

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16
Q

How do enzymes speed up a reaction

A

Lower activation energy

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17
Q

What is the part of an enzyme the substrate fits into called

A

Active site

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18
Q

In terms of a reaction what are the substrates

A

The reactants

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19
Q

In extreme cases of pH or temperature enzymes will

A

Denature

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20
Q

What happens to the active site when enzymes are denatured

A

Becomes deformed

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21
Q

Starch + amylase makes

A

Simple sugars (glucose)

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22
Q

Which enzyme breaks down proteins to get amino acids

A

Protease

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23
Q

Lipids + lipase makes

A

Fatty acids + glycerol

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24
Q

Bile is produced in the

A

Liver

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25
Q

Bile is stored in the

A

Gallbladder

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26
Q

What does it mean when bile emulsifies fats

A

Turn fats into small droplets

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27
Q

Why does bile emulsify fats

A

The small fat droplets have a larger surface area so the rate of digestion by lipase is increased

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28
Q

Bile does what to stomach acid

A

Bile is alkaline so neutralises it for conditions in the small intestine to be optimal

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29
Q

Respiration equation

A

Glucose + oxygen ——-> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

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30
Q

Describe the walls of capillaries

A

1 cell thick

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31
Q

Why are the walls of the capillaries 1 cell thick

A

Provide a short diffusion pathway to increase the rate of substances transferred

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32
Q

Definition of an artery

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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33
Q

Definition of a vein

A

A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart

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34
Q

Pressure of artery and vein

A

Artery has high pressure vein has low pressure

35
Q

Which has bigger lumen artery or vein?

A

Vein

36
Q

How many circulatory systems are there

A

2

37
Q

Why does pressure of the systemic circuit have to be higher than that of the pulmonary circuit

A

Because it has to transport blood around the whole body

38
Q

What do the pacemakers in the heart do

A

Produce electrical impulses which cause surrounding muscle to contract and therefore pump blood around

39
Q

Name the 2 natural pacemakers in the heart and their location

A

Sino-atrinal node, right atrium
Atrio-ventricular node between ventricles

40
Q

Coronary heart disease is caused by a buildup of what causing arteries to be blocked

A

Fatty deposits

41
Q

Causes of Coronary Heart disease

A

Diet- Higher cholesterol levels and cholesterol makes up these fatty deposits.

Smoking- Carbon monoxide reduces amount of oxygen that can be transported therefore increasing heart rate and eventually heart attacks

Stress- Leads to increased heart rate and heart attacks

Drugs- Increased heart rate and blood pressure increasing risk of heart disease

Alcohol-leads to increased heart rate and blood pressure

42
Q

What does the plasma do in the blood/ transport

A

Transports the blood cells
Carbon dioxide
nutrients
urea
hormones

Distributes heat aswell

43
Q

Describe the shape of a red blood cell and why

A

Biconcave to hold the oxygen and increase surface area

44
Q

What does oxygen bind to to stay on the red blood cell

A

Haemoglobin

45
Q

Platelets do what

A

Important in blood clotting factors

46
Q

Describe how blood is pumped around the body

A

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava. Blood is now pumped through valves to the right ventricle. Blood is now pushed up through the pulmonary artery and the blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen.
The oxygenated blood then travels to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. The blood goes down to the left ventricle and is pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body through the aorta

47
Q

Why does blood only flow in one direction in the body

A

Valves prevent backflow

48
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped round the body each minute by the heart

49
Q

What is stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped around the body by each heart beat

50
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume

51
Q

Properties of a benign tumor

A

Grows slowly
Grows within a membrane and can be easily removed
Does not grow back
Does not spread around the body
Can cause damage to organs and be life threatening

52
Q

Properties of a malignant tumor

A

Cancerous
Grows rapidly
Spreads around the body via the blood stream

53
Q

Photosynthesis symbol equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

54
Q

2 Reasons why leaves are flat and thin

A

More surface area to absorb carbon dioxide and sunlight
Reduces the distance for water and gasses to diffuse

55
Q

What do the large spaces in the spongy mesophyll do

A

Allow diffusion of gases
Carbon Dioxide enters
Oxygen leaves

56
Q

What do guard cells do

A

Open and close the stomata allowing gas exchange in the leaf

57
Q

How do root hair cells absorb
Water
Minerals

A

Osmosis
Active transport

58
Q

What do the microscopic projection on root hair cells do (2 reasons)

A

Increase the surface area so more water and minerals can be absorbed
Squeeze into small spaces between soil particles, reducing the diffusion pathway between water and minerals

59
Q

Describe the cells in the xylem and how they are placed

A

Dead and lignified (rigid and woody)
Joined end to end, no gaps between

60
Q

What type of system is the xylem involved in

A

Transpiration system

61
Q

What is a transpiration system

A

Water is released as vapour from leaves

62
Q

Xylem is found in

A

Roots, Leaves, Stem

63
Q

What does Xylem also do

A

Provides structure for the plant

64
Q

Cells in the phloem

A

Living with small holes in their walls

65
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water by evaporation and diffusion

66
Q

Why is transpiration used

A

So water from lower down in the plant can move up

67
Q

Name all the environmental impacts of rate of transpiration

A

Increased Light Intensity
Increased temperature
Increased humidity
Wind speed
Water content in soil

68
Q

Explain light intensity on rate of transpiration

A

More light intensity causes stomata to open more releasing more water

69
Q

Explain temperature on rate of transpiration

A

Cause water to evaporate more quickly

70
Q

Explain humidity on rate of transpiration

A

Reduces transpiration as concentration gradient is decreased due to alot of water being in the air

71
Q

Explain wind speed on rate of transpiration

A

Increases transpiration as wind constantly pushes water filled air away maintaining a concentration gradient

72
Q

Explain water content in soil on rate of transpiration

A

Rate of absorbtion in roots decrease
Stomata becomes flaccid and closed
Reducing transpiration

73
Q

What can immune disorders lead to

A

increased risk of infectious disease

74
Q

What can viral infection of cells lead to

A

increased risk of cancer

75
Q

What can immune reactions lead to

A

Allergies

76
Q

What can very poor physical health lead to

A

Depression or other mental illness

77
Q

Name all 3 treatments for heart disease

A

Statins
Stent
Heart transplant

78
Q

Statins are

A

Drug lowering chloesterol in blood by reducing the amount produced in the liver

79
Q

Stents are

A

Mechanical device used to stretch blocked arteries to allow blood flow

80
Q

Heart transplants are

A

The entire heart is replaced by one of an organ donor

81
Q

Statins advantages and disadvantages

A

Used to prevent heart disease
Improved quality of life

Long-term treatment
Possible negative side effects

82
Q

Stents advantages and disadvantages

A

Used where drugs are less effective
Long-term benefits
Can’t be rejected by patients body
Improved quality of life

Requires surgery which could cause infection

83
Q

Heart transplants advantages and disadvantages

A

Treat complete heart failure
Extened life
Improved quality of life
Artificial plastic hearts can be used temporarily until a heart is found

Requires major risky surgery
Long recovery time
Lack of donors
Risk of rejection or infection

Biology (7 decks)

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