infection and response

Question 1

What are communicable diseases spread by?

Answer 1

Pathogens.

Question 2

What are pathogens?

Answer 2

Microorganisms that cause disease.

Question 3

What types of microorganisms can be pathogens?

Answer 3

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protists

Question 4

How do bacteria cause illness?

Answer 4

They reproduce inside the body and produce toxins.

Question 5

How do viruses cause illness?

Answer 5

They reproduce inside cells, causing damage.

Question 6

Give two examples of viral diseases.

Answer 6

• Measles
• HIV

Question 7

Give two examples of bacterial diseases.

Answer 7

• Salmonella
• Gonorrhoea

Question 8

What is rose black spot?

Answer 8

A fungal disease affecting plants.

Question 9

What causes malaria?

Answer 9

A protist spread by mosquitos.

Question 10

What are non-specific defences of the human body?

Answer 10

• Skin
• Nose
• Stomach acid
• Cilia and mucus

Question 11

How does the immune system destroy pathogens?

Answer 11

Using white blood cells.

Question 12

What are the three ways white blood cells defend against pathogens?

Answer 12

• Phagocytosis
• Antitoxin production
• Antibody production

Question 13

What do vaccines contain?

Answer 13

Dead or weakened pathogens.

Question 14

How do vaccinations prevent illness?

Answer 14

By causing a more rapid immune response.

Question 15

How can the transmission of pathogens be reduced?

Answer 15

By immunising a large proportion of the population.

Question 16

Do painkillers kill pathogens?

Answer 16

No, they only treat symptoms.

Question 17

What do antibiotics kill?

Answer 17

Bacteria.

Question 18

Do antibiotics kill viruses?

Answer 18

No, viruses are inside the cell.

Question 19

What sources are new drugs extracted from?

Answer 19

• Plants
• Microorganisms

Question 20

What is Digitalis and where does it come from?

Answer 20

A heart drug from foxgloves.

Question 21

What is Aspirin and where does it come from?

Answer 21

A pain killer from the willow tree.

Question 22

What does penicillin come from?

Answer 22

The penicillium mould.

Question 23

What must new medical drugs undergo before use?

Answer 23

Testing in trials for safety, effectiveness, and dosage.

Question 24

What is preclinical testing?

Answer 24

Testing done in the lab using cells, tissues, and animals.

Question 25

What are the two stages of clinical trials?

Answer 25

* Healthy volunteers * Patients

Question 26

What methods are used to reduce bias in clinical trials?

Answer 26

* Placebos * Double blind trials

Question 27

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 27

Antibodies produced from a single cell clone.

Question 28

What do monoclonal antibodies specifically bind to?

Answer 28

One shape of antigen.

Question 29

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 29

Using mouse lymphocytes and tumour cells to create hybridoma cells.

Question 30

What are hybridoma cells used for?

Answer 30

To produce the same antibody that can be collected and purified.

Question 31

List three uses of monoclonal antibodies.

Answer 31

* Pregnancy tests * Locating specific cells or tissues * Cancer treatments

Question 32

What are some physical plant defenses?

Answer 32

* Thick cell walls * Waxy cuticle on leaves * Layers of dead cells (bark)

Question 33

What are some chemical plant defense responses?

Answer 33

* Antibacterial chemicals * Poisons

Question 34

What are mechanical adaptations in plants?

Answer 34

* Thorns and hairs * Leaves that droop or curl * Mimicry

Question 35

What can indicate plant diseases?

Answer 35

* Stunted growth * Spots or discolouration * Decay * Malformed stems * Presence of pests

Question 36

What can a lack of nitrate ions lead to in plants?

Answer 36

Stunted growth.

Question 37

What does a lack of magnesium ions cause in plants?

Answer 37

A lack of chlorophyll.