organisation

Question 1

What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?

Answer 1

Cells.

Question 2

What is a tissue?

Answer 2

A group of similar cells working together.

Question 3

What is an organ?

Answer 3

A group of different tissues working together.

Question 4

What is an organ system?

Answer 4

A group of different organs working together.

Question 5

What is the digestive system?

Answer 5

An organ system where several organs work together to digest and absorb nutrients.

Question 6

What are enzymes?

Answer 6

Specialised proteins used in the digestive system that act as biological catalysts.

Question 7

How can enzyme function be described?

Answer 7

The ‘lock and key model’.

Question 8

What binds to the active site on enzymes?

Answer 8

The substrate.

Question 9

What happens when an enzyme denatures?

Answer 9

The active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer bind to the enzyme.

Question 10

What factors can denature enzymes?

Answer 10

High temperatures and the wrong pH.

Question 11

What do carbohydrase enzymes do?

Answer 11

Break down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Question 12

What is amylase?

Answer 12

A type of carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugars.

Question 13

What do lipase enzymes do?

Answer 13

Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 14

What do protease enzymes do?

Answer 14

Break down protein into amino acids.

Question 15

Where is bile made and stored?

Answer 15

Made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

Question 16

What is the function of bile?

Answer 16

Neutralises substances from the stomach and helps to emulsify fats.

Question 17

What does iodine test for?

Answer 17

Starch (pale yellow to blue/black).

Question 18

What does Benedict’s test for?

Answer 18

Sugar (blue to brick red).

Question 19

What does Biuret reagent test for?

Answer 19

Protein (blue to purple).

Question 20

What does ethanol test for?

Answer 20

Fats (clear to cloudy).

Question 21

What is the circulatory system made of?

Answer 21

Arteries, veins, capillaries, and the heart.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of arteries?

Answer 22

Thick elastic walls and a small lumen.

Question 23

How thick are capillary walls?

Answer 23

Only one cell thick.

Question 24

What are the characteristics of veins?

Answer 24

Have valves, thinner and less elastic walls, and a larger lumen.

Question 25

What are the main structures of the heart?

Answer 25

Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, valves, atria, and ventricles.

Question 26

What controls heart rate?

Answer 26

A group of cells that act as a pacemaker.

Question 27

Where are pacemaker cells located?

Answer 27

In the right atrium.

Question 28

What components does blood contain?

Answer 28

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

Question 29

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 29

Carry oxygen.

Question 30

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 30

Destroy pathogens.

Question 31

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 31

Clot the blood.

Question 32

What is plasma?

Answer 32

The liquid part of the blood.

Question 33

What happens in coronary heart disease?

Answer 33

Layers of fatty material build up blocking the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow.

Question 34

What do stents do?

Answer 34

Keep coronary arteries open.

Question 35

What do statins do?

Answer 35

Reduce blood cholesterol level.

Question 36

What can faulty heart valves be replaced with?

Answer 36

Biological or mechanical valves.

Question 37

What are treatments for heart failure?

Answer 37

Artificial hearts or a heart transplant.

Question 38

How is health defined?

Answer 38

The state of physical and mental wellbeing.

Question 39

What are the two types of diseases that cause ill health?

Answer 39

Communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Question 40

What factors can affect physical and mental health?

Answer 40

Diet, stress, life situations.

Question 41

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 41

Diseases that cannot be transmitted and are not caused by pathogens, e.g., diabetes, heart disease, cancer.

Question 42

What are risk factors?

Answer 42

Linked to an increased chance of getting a disease.

Question 43

Give an example of a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Answer 43

Obesity.

Question 44

What effect does smoking have on health?

Answer 44

It is a risk factor for lung disease and lung cancer.

Question 45

What can affect cardiovascular disease?

Answer 45

Diet, smoking, and exercise.

Question 46

What are carcinogens?

Answer 46

Substances that increase the risk of cancer.

Question 47

What causes cancer?

Answer 47

Changes in cells leading to uncontrolled growth and division.

Question 48

What are benign tumours?

Answer 48

Tumours surrounded by a membrane that do not invade other parts of the body.

Question 49

What are malignant tumours?

Answer 49

Cancer cells that can spread to different parts of the body forming secondary tumours.

Question 50

What tissues are found in a leaf?

Answer 50

Epidermal tissues, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem, and stomata surrounded by guard cells.

Question 51

What is the function of root hair cells?

Answer 51

Increase surface area for uptake of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport.

Question 52

What do stomata and guard cells control?

Answer 52

Gas exchange and water loss.

Question 53

What does phloem transport?

Answer 53

Dissolved sugars up and down the plant.

Question 54

What is the movement of food molecules through phloem tissue called?

Answer 54

Translocation.

Question 55

What does xylem transport?

Answer 55

Water and mineral ions from roots to leaves.

Question 56

What is transpiration?

Answer 56

The loss of water at the leaves by evaporation.