Infection and response

Question 1

Plant tissues in a leaf include:

Answer 1

epidermal tissues, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem and stomata surrounded by guard cells

Question 2

Describe roots

Answer 2

organs adapted (root hair cells to increase surface area) for uptake of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport

Question 3

What do stomata and guard cells in the leaf control

Answer 3

gas exchange and water loss

Question 4

What does the phloem do

Answer 4

transports dissolved sugars up and down the plant

Question 5

What is translocation

Answer 5

movement of food molecules through phloem tissue

Question 6

What does the xylem do

Answer 6

transports water and mineral ions from roots to leaves

Question 7

What is transpiration

Answer 7

the loss of water at the leaves by evaporation

Question 8

How are communicable diseases spread

Answer 8

by pathogens

Question 9

What are pathogens

Answer 9

microorganisms that cause disease

Question 10

Pathogens may be:

Answer 10

bacteria, viruses, fungi or protists.

Question 11

How does bacteria make us feel ill

Answer 11

it reproduces inside the body and produces toxins

Question 12

How do viruses make us feel ill

Answer 12

They reproduce inside cells, causing damage to the cell

Question 13

Viral diseases include:

Answer 13

measles and HIV in animals
tobacco mosaic virus in plants

Question 14

Bacterial diseases include:

Answer 14

salmonella and gonorrhoea

Question 15

What is rose black spot disease

Answer 15

a fungal disease affecting plants

Question 16

What causes malaria

Answer 16

a protist that is spread by mosquitos

Question 17

Non-specific defences of the human body include:

Answer 17

skin - pressure, stay safe from pain
nose - chemicals, taste and smell
stomach acid - corrosive, production of mucus,
cilia - move mucus and trapped particles away from your lungs
mucus - breaks down the cell wall of bacteria

Question 18

How does the immune system protect your body

Answer 18

uses white blood cells to destroy pathogens

Question 19

White blood cells defend against pathogens by:

Answer 19

phagocytosis, antitoxin production and antibody production

Question 20

What do vaccines contain

Answer 20

dead or weakened pathogens

Question 21

What does vaccination prevent

Answer 21

illness, by causing a more rapid immune response to pathogens

Question 22

How can transmission of pathogens can be reduced

Answer 22

immunising a large proportion of the population

Question 23

What do painkillers do

Answer 23

treat the symptoms of illness but do not kill pathogens

Question 24

Describe antibiotics

Answer 24

kill bacteria
do not kill viruses (virus is inside the cell)

Question 25

Where have new drugs been extracted from

Answer 25

plants and microorganisms

Question 26

The heart drug ‘Digitalis’ comes from ________

Answer 26

foxgloves

Question 27

The pain killer ‘Aspirin’ comes from ________

Answer 27

willow trees

Question 28

Penicillin comes from ___________

Answer 28

penicillium mould

Question 29

New medical drugs have to be tested in ______ to check that they are _____ , _______and of the correct ________

Answer 29

a. trials b. safe c. effective d. dosage

Question 30

Describe preclinical testing

Answer 30

done in the lab using cells, tissues and animals

Question 31

Describe clinical trials

Answer 31

first done on healthy volunteers and then patients

Question 32

How is bias reduced in testing for new medical drugs

Answer 32

placebos and double blind trials are used in clinical trials

Question 33

What are monoclonal antibodies are produced from

Answer 33

a single cell clone

Question 34

What do monoclonal antibodies specifically bind onto

Answer 34

one shape of antigen, so can target one type of cell or chemical inside the body

Question 35

What are monoclonal antibodies are made using

Answer 35

mouse lymphocytes and tumour cells to make a hybridoma cells

Question 36

Why are hybridoma cells cloned

Answer 36

to produce the same antibody that can be collected and purified

Question 37

Monoclonal antibody uses include:

Answer 37

pregnancy tests, locating specific cells or tissues and cancer treatment

Question 38

Plant diseases can be detected by:

Answer 38

stunted growth, spots or discolouration, decay, growth or malformed stems and the presence of pests

Question 39

What can a lack of nitrate ions lead to in plants

Answer 39

stunted growth

Question 40

What does a lack of magnesium ions cause in plants

Answer 40

a lack of chlorophyl

Question 41

Physical plant defence responses:

Answer 41

cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle, layers of dead cells (bark)

Question 42

Chemical plant defence responses:

Answer 42

antibacterial chemicals, poisons

Question 43

Mechanical adaptations for plant defence:

Answer 43

thorns and hairs, leaves which droop or curl, mimicry