Infection and response Flashcards
(50 cards)
How can bacterial infections be treated?
Antibiotics
What is a type of antibiotic?
Penicillin
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
1.inject a mouse with antigen
2.mouse will bleed and lymphocytes will produce antibodies to the antigen
3.hybridoma cell divides and produces antibodies
4.fuse with tumour cell so that can clone
5.purify the antibodies for use
What is a lymphocyte?
A type of white blood cell that produce antibodies which are specific for a particular antigen or pathogen. The antibodies cause the pathogens to clump together so phagocytise is easier.
How do pregnancy tests work?
1.The hormone HCG is produced when in early stages of pregnancy
2.HCG is passed out of the urine
3.monoclonal antibodies ,which have die attached, designed to bind with HCG are attached to the pregnancy test.
4.If HCG is present it will bind with the monoclonal antibodies and the die is released and a line is shown
5.The urine will continue to the next window and bind with immobilised monoclonal antibodies and another coloured line is shown. This determines wether the test works.
What is the first line of defence against pathogens?
Natural barriers of protection that are not specific to the infecting pathogen
What are the 4 first line of defence in the body?
.Skin
.tears and saliva
.Hairs and cilia
Stomach acid
What are lysozymes?
An antibacterial enzyme found in your tears to prevent eye infections
What are cilia?
Tiny hair like projections from ciliated cells that waft mucus out of the gas exchange system
What is the second line of defence?
Your innate immune system (phagocytes)
What do phagocytes do?
They are attracted to an area of body where an infection is present. When a phagocytes Comes to contact with a pathogen it binds to it. It done engulf it and brace it down with enzymes in the vacuole.
What is a monoclonal antibody?
Is one type of antibody that only binds to one specific antigen
What is a pathogen?
Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
How does the third line of defence work?
.Pathogens have different antigens to those on our body.
.Lymphocytes produce a large number of antibodies which are highly specific to the antigen present in the pathogen.
.Antibodies help to clump pathogens together
.If you are infected a second time lymphocytes can produce a larger number of antibody’s more quickly
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can be spread from person to person
What is a antitoxin?
A protein produced by your body to neutralise harmful toxins produced by pathogens.
