Infection and Response (P1) Flashcards
(17 cards)
How is the Trachea adapted for stopping pathogens?
The trachea’s walls are lined with mucus which particles get trapped in and cilia which prevent mucus build up.
What are the three functions of White Blood cells?
- Phagocytosis (White Blood cells track, bind and engulf pathogens)
- Produce Anti-Toxins ( small molecules that can bind and counteract the toxins so they cannot do damage)
- Produce Anti-Bodies (Small proteins that can lock onto Antigens and act as a signal for White blood cells to come and destroy them)
Give the cause, symptoms and treatments/prevention of Measles:
Cause - Airborne droplets
Symptoms - red skin rashes, fever
Prevention - Vaccination and Quarantine
Give the cause, symptoms and treatments/prevention of HIV/AIDS:
Cause - Viral disease, sexual contact
Symptoms - mild flu
Treatment - Antiretroviral drug
Give the cause, symptoms and treatments/prevention of Gonorrhea:
Cause - Bacteria
Symptoms - Yellow/Green discharge, pain during urination
Treatment - Regular health check ups, Antibiotics
Give the cause, symptoms and treatments/prevention Salmonella:
Cause - Bacteria
Symptoms - Stomach cramps, Diarrhoea, Vomiting
Treatment - Antibiotics and Vaccines
Give the cause, symptoms and treatments/prevention Athlete’s Foot:
Cause - Feet are damp and sweaty for long time
Symptoms - itching and rashes
Treatment - antifungal drugs or creams
Give the cause, symptoms and treatments/prevention Malaria:
Cause - Protist
Symptoms - fever/shaking
Treatment - Vaccine and drugs
Prevention - Mosquito nets and spray
What is the First Stage of Drug Testing?
Drug is tested on human cells and tissues in lab.
You cant use human cells or tissues to test drugs that affect whole or multiple body systems.
What is the Second Stage of Drug Testing?
Test drug on live animals.
This tests efficacy, toxicity and dosage
What is the Third Stage of Drug Testing?
1) The drug is then tested on healthy human volunteers in a clinical trial, at the start of the trial the drug is given in very low doses then gradually increases
3) If results are positive then the drug is tested on people suffering from the illness.
4) The patients are split into two groups, one is given the drug and the other is given a placebo
5) Trials are often double-blind so neither the patient nor the doctor know which is the placebo.
6) The results re not published until they have been peer reviewed.
What is a painkiller?
A drug which reduces the effect of symptoms.
How could a bacteria be resistant to anti-biotics?
They mutate a resistant strain which will survive and reproduce.
The strain MRSA is resistant to the powerful anti-biotic meticillin.
Where is aspirin found and what does it do?
Found in willow.
- painkiller to lower fever
What is penicillin?
A type of mould which kills bacteria.
What does Tobacco Mosaic Virus do to plants?
A mosaic pattern appears on the leaves, these parts become discoloured.#
This means photosynthesis cant be carried out very well.
What is Rose black spot and what does it do to a plant?
A fungus that can cause purple or black spots on leaves, these leaves can turn yellow and fall off.
This means less photosynthesis is carried out.
