Infection Control

Question 1

infection that was neither present nor in the prodromal (incubation) stage when they entered the hospital.

Answer 1

health care-associated infections (HAIs).

Question 2

earliest efforts to control infection followed the recognition in the 19th century that women were dying in childbirth from bloodstream infections caused by

Answer 2

group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Question 3

ushered in the modern age of infection control in the late 1950’s

Answer 3

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 4

is an infection contracted outside a health care setting or an infection present on admission.

Answer 4

Community-acquired infections

Question 5

is an infection contracted outside a health care setting or an infection present on admission.

Answer 5

Community-acquired infections

Question 6

Community-acquired respiratory infections commonly involve strains of _____ or _____ and are usually more sensitive to antibiotic treatment

Answer 6

Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 7

act that was designed to stimulate economic recovery in various ways, including strengthening the nation’s health care infrastructure and reducing health care costs

Answer 7

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (February 17 2009)

Question 8

within the recovery act ____ was authorized to support states in the prevention and reduction of HAI

Answer 8

50 million

Question 9

has established the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) program to monitor the incidence of HAI in the United States.

Answer 9

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question 10

• monitor the incidence of HAI in the united states
• data collected are used to improve patient safety at the local and national levels

Answer 10

National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)

Question 11

most prevalent HAI (most to least relevant)

Answer 11

UTI (33%)
Pneumonia (15%)
Surgical site infections (15%)
Bloodstream infections (13%)
other miscellaneous infections (24%)

Question 12

patients with indwelling urinary catheters have a threefold increased chance of dying from ____

Answer 12

urosepsis

Question 13

-a bloodstream infection that is a complication of a UTI

Answer 13

urosepsis

Question 14

most HAIs are ___ in origin

Answer 14

endogenous

Question 15

three principal factors that determine the likelihood that a given patient will acquire an infection

Answer 15

• Susceptibility to infection and/or immune status of the patient
• The virulence of the infecting organism
• The nature of the patient’s exposure to the infecting organism

Question 16

all contribute to the likelihood of HAI by suppressing the immune system or altering the host’s normal microbiota to that of resistant microves

Answer 16

Corticosteroids, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and antimicrobial agents

Question 17

is it possible to immunize patients against HAI?

Answer 17

no. it can never be completely eliminated, only controlled

Question 18

are the most common type of health care associated infection reported to the NSHN

Answer 18

UTIs

Question 19

approx ___ are associated with a urinary catheter

Answer 19

75%

Question 20

produce most health care associated UTIs, and escherichia coli is the number one organism involved

Answer 20

gram negative rods

Question 21

cause the remainder of the health care associated UTIs

Answer 21

Gram-positive organisms, Candida spp and other fungi

Question 22

the most common HAI pathogens that cause pneumonia include

Answer 22

gram negative rods

Question 23

causes most community acquired pneumonias, are not not important etiologic agents in health care-associated infections except very early during the hospital course (first 2 to 5 days)

Answer 23

S. aureus
H. influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
S. pneumoniae

Question 24

approx ___ of surgical patients develop surgical site infections; ___ of these infections develop after the patient has left the hospital

Answer 24

4%

Question 25

cause most of these surgical infections, followed by **gram neg rods** and **candida spp**

Answer 25

gram positive organisms

Question 26

is a serious infection that occurs when microbes enter the bloodstream through a central line

Answer 26

central line-associated bloodstream infection

Question 27

a tube that health care providers place in a large vein in the neck, chest, or arm to give fluids, blood, or medications or to do certain medical tests quickly.

Answer 27

central line

Question 28

In the preantibiotic era, most HAls were caused by ____ and _____

Answer 28

S. pneumoniae and group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes),

Question 29

In the 1940s and 1950s, with the advent of treatment of patients with ____ and ____ resistant strains of **S. aureus** appeared

Answer 29

penicillin and sulfonamides,

Question 30

in the 1970s, and aminoglycosides led to the emergence of resistant **aerobic gram-negative** rods, such as specific species of

Answer 30

Klebsiella Enterobacter Pseudomonas. Serratia

Question 31

in contaminated food or intravenous solutions

Answer 31

Direct contact

Question 32

from patient to patient on the hands of HCWs (MRSA, rotavirus)

Answer 32

Indirect contact-

Question 33

inhalation of droplets (>5 um in diameter) that cannot travel more than 3 feet (pertussis)

Answer 33

Droplet contact

Question 34

inhalation of droplets (>5 um) that can travel large distances on air currents (tuberculosis)

Answer 34

Airborne contact-

Question 35

disease spread by vectors, such as mosquitoes (malaria) or rats (rat-bite fever)

Answer 35

Vector-borne contact

Question 36

role of the microbiology laboratory in HAIs

Answer 36

supplies the data on organism identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles that the infection control practitioner reviews daily for evi- dence of HAI.

Question 37

there are two major ways to type strains using

Answer 37

phenotypic or molecular typing methods

Question 38

classic phenotype techniques include

Answer 38

biotyping use of antibiograms serotyping bacteriocin typing bacteriophage typing

Question 39

analyzing unique biologic or biochemical characteristics

Answer 39

biotyping

Question 40

analyzing unique biologic or biochemical characteristics

Answer 40

biotyping

Question 41

analyzing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns

Answer 41

antibiograms

Question 42

analyzing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns

Answer 42

antibiograms

Question 43

serologic typing of bacterial or viral antigens, such as bacterial cell wall O antigens

Answer 43

serotyping

Question 44

serologic typing of bacterial or viral antigens, such as bacterial cell wall (O) antigens

Answer 44

serotyping

Question 45

examines an organisms susceptibility to bacterial peptides

Answer 45

bacteriocin typing

Question 46

examines the ability of bacteriophages to attack certain bacterial strains

Answer 46

bacteriophage typing

Question 47

bacteriophage typing have been useful for typing

Answer 47

pseudomonas p. aeruginosa and s. aureus

Question 48

have largely replaced phenotypic methods as a means of confirming the relatedness of strains involved in an outbreak

Answer 48

Genotypic, or molecular, methods