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Microbio Exam 1 > Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Other names for normal microbiota?

A

normal flora or indigenous microbiota

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2
Q

What is normal microbiota?

A

Organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease

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3
Q

What microbiota remain in a person for life?

A

Resident microbiota

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4
Q

What microbiota remain in the body for a few hours, days, or months?

A

Transient microbiota

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5
Q

What does axenic mean?

A

free of any microbes (never colonized by normal flora)

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6
Q

When does the acquisition of normal microbiota begin?

A

During the birthing process and first few months of life

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7
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A

Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

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8
Q

What are the 3 ways normal microbiota can become opportunistic pathogens?

A

Introduction into unusual site (E. Coli in urethra), immune suppresion (AIDS/cancer), and changes in the normal microbiota (antibiotics)

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9
Q

What is a site where pathogens live until they can infect a new host?

A

A reservoir of infection

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of reservoirs of infection?

A

Animal reservoirs
Human carriers
Non-living reservoirs

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11
Q

Diseases naturally spread from animal hosts to humans?

A

Zoonoses

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12
Q

7 common zoonoses

A 
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Anthrax
Bubonic Plague
Lyme Disease
Rabies
Yellow Fever
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13
Q

Characteristics of human carriers

A
  • asymptomatic but infective to others

- may have defense systems that protect them

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14
Q

What are the 2 strategies to limit the spread of disease?

A

Isolation and quarantine

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15
Q

Separation of ill people who have a communicable disease is called..

A

Isolation

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16
Q

Separation and restriction of movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease is called..

A

Quarantine

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17
Q

What are 3 examples of nonliving reservoirs? and how are they exposed to microbes?

A

soil, water, and food

- contaminated by feces or urine

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18
Q

2 ways to be exposed to microbes

A

contamination or infection

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19
Q

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body?

A

contamination

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20
Q

When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body?

A

Infection (MAY OR MAY NOT RESULT IN DISEASE)

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21
Q

What are the 3 (4) major portals/pathways in which pathogens enter the body?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Placenta
(parenteral route - puncture wound)

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22
Q

Skin portals of entry (3)

A
  • openings/cuts
  • hair follicles/sweat glands
  • burrowing into/digesting outer layers of skin
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23
Q

What is the MC site of entry for pathogens?

A

respiratory tract

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24
Q

4 categories of pathogens that cross the placenta

A

Protozoan
Bacteria
DNA Viruses
RNA Viruses

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25
Protozoan pathogen that crosses placenta
toxoplasma gondii
26
Bacterial pathogens that cross the placenta
treponema pallidum and listeria monocytogenes
27
DNA viruses that cross the placenta
cytomegalovirus and parvovirus B19
28
RNA viruses that cross the placenta
lentivirus (HIV) and Rubivirus
29
Infection
The invasion of the host by a pathogen
30
Disease
Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (aka morbidity)
31
Pathogenicity
Abilityof a microorganism to cause disease
32
Virulence
Degree of pathogenicity (how easy is it for the organism to cause disease)
33
Antigenicity
The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses
34
Symptoms
Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient (Ex: headache & nausea)
35
Signs
Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others. (ex: fever, vomiting, swelling, and redness)
36
Syndrome
Group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition
37
-osis
condition of -
38
patho
abnormal
39
septi-
rotting
40
terato-
defects
41
3 components of the triad of health
agent, host, environment (in balance = health, Out = disease)
42
What has the ability to make attachment proteins and attach bacteria together to form a biofilm
An adhesion factor
43
What are secreted by pathogens that dissolve structural chemicals in the body and help the pathogen maintain infection, invade, and avoid the body defenses
Extracellular enzymes
44
What is the MC biofilm?
dental plaque
45
What are chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage?
Toxins
46
2 types of toxins? examples
exo- & endo- (cytotoxins and lipid A respectively)
47
What prevents phagocytosis by the host’s phagocytic cells, is a bacterial capsule, and makes the pathogen not be recognized as foreign
Antiphagocytic Factors
48
5 stages of infectious disease
``` Incubation Prodromal Illness Decline Convalescence ```
49
The time between infection and first symptoms or signs
Incubation period
50
A short period of generalized, mild symptoms
Prodromal period
51
The most severe stage, signs/symptoms most evident
Illness
52
The immune response/treatment vanquish pathogens, body slowly returns to normal
Decline
53
The patient recovers from illness, tissues repaired and returned to normal
Convalescence
54
direct, indirect, or droplet (mode of transmission)
contact transmission
55
airborne, waterborne, foodborne, fecal-oral, bodily fluids (mode of transmission)
vehicle transmission
56
arachnid or insect, biological or mechanical (mode of transmission)
vector transmission
57
mom to baby (mode of transmission)
perinatal transmission
58
Animals that carry pathogens (general)
Arthropods
59
Vector that only carries the pathogen
mechanical vector
60
Vector that serves as host for pathogen
biological vector
61
2 classes of arthropods
Arachnids & Insects
62
Types of arachnids
ticks & mites
63
Types of insects
fleas, lice, flies, mosquitos, and true bugs
64
Most important arachnid vector?
tick
65
Most important insect vector?
mosquitos
66
MC and most important vector?
mosquitos
67
Number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time
Incidence
68
Number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time
Prevelance
69
A disease that normally occurs at regular intervals at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area
Endemic
70
Only a few scattered caseswithin an area or population
Sporadic
71
Occurs at a greater frequency than is usualfor an area or population
Epidemic
72
An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continen
Pandemic
73
Careful tabulation of data concerning a disease. Try to identify the index case
Descriptive Epidemiology
74
Infections acquired in health-care settings (patients or employees)
Nosocomial Infections
75
Pathogen acquired from the HC environment
Exogenous
76
Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors In the HC setting
Endogenous
77
Results from modern medical procedures
Latrogenic
78
What is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections?
Hand washing bitches

Microbio Exam 1 (9 decks)

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