Infection Review Sessions 1-4

Question 1

What is classified as healthcare acquired infection

Answer 1

After 48 hours of admission or within 48 hours of discharge

Question 2

Name 4 parts to the cytokine mediated inflammatory response

Answer 2

Increase in body temperature
A change in vascular permeability
Increase in production of B cells
Increase in production of cytokines

Question 3

Only species that are purple cocci like bunches of grapes

Answer 3

Staph aureus

Question 4

Typical lines of cocci

Answer 4

Strep pneumoniae

Question 5

Common healthcare acquired infection causing diarrhoea is ?

Answer 5

Clostridium difficile (gram positive bacilli)

Question 6

Meropenem acts best on

Answer 6

Gram positive bacteria and is used in non-meningococcal sepsis

Question 7

Standard meningitis vaccination

Answer 7

ACWY

Question 8

Ciproflaxin inhibits

Answer 8

DNA gyrase

Question 9

Erythromycin inhibits

Answer 9

Protein synthesis

Question 10

Gentamicin means you get

Answer 10

Loss of high frequency hearing and damage to proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

Metranodiazole and clarithromycin treat

Answer 11

Clostridium difficile

Question 12

Co-amoxiclav contains a

Answer 12

Beta lactamase inhibitor

Question 13

Tenofovir is a

Answer 13

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (HIV)

Question 14

Tenofovir is a

Answer 14

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (HIV)

Question 15

CSF is found between

Answer 15

Arachnoid mater and pia mater in subarachnoid space

Question 16

What produces CSF

Answer 16

Choroid plexus in ventricles

Question 17

What neisseria virulence factor is part of the vaccine

Answer 17

Capsule- protects against some serogroups

Question 18

What type of antibiotic is clarithromycin

Answer 18

Macrolide antibiotic

Question 19

Examples of glycopeptide antibiotics

Answer 19

Vancomycin and teicoplanin

Question 20

Why can Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB - Tuberculosis) infections become reactivated later in life?

Answer 20

It is contained by a granuloma, and with immunosuppression this breaks down and releases the bacteria.

Question 21

method by which bacteria invade the host?

Answer 21

The ‘Trigger method’ is a way that bacteria can infect non-phagocytic cells. The bacteria injects molecules into the host cell, which activates the Rho family of GTPases, which changes the shape of the actin cytoskeleton of the cell, so it can fold over the bacterium and remove the bacteria from the cell.

Question 22

How would the R0 (Basic Reproduction Rate) of an infection be defined?

Answer 22

The number of secondary infections produced by a single case of an infection in a population that is totally susceptible

Question 23

examples of opsonins

Answer 23

IgG and Mannose Binding Lectin are examples of opsonins.

Question 24

What is the most common organism causing early Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis (PVE)

Answer 24

Staph Aureus - within one year of the implantation of a prosthetic valve, the most likely causative organism of a biofilm formation would be a skin commensal.

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the ‘Planktonic Phase’ of biofilm formation?

Answer 25

In the planktonic phase, bacteria enter a spore-like state, and move freely without having to be in a colony.

The formation of the extracellular matrix occurs after the attachment of the spore-like bacteria to a body cell.

Question 26

Which of the following micro-organisms would be displayed on MHC class I? (1 mark)

Answer 26

MHC Class I molecules are expressed on all cells and present intracellular microbes (like viruses) to the CD8+ receptors on T-lymphocytes.

Question 27

T cells that have been activated through MHC Class II have many possible functions:

Answer 27

Activate neutrophils through IL17 - this is the only function performed by Th17 (a certain type of T helper cell).
- Increase eosinophil number through IL5 - done by Th2
- Activate B cells through IL4 - done by Th2
- Activate mast cells through IL4 - done by Th2

Question 28

What is the main antibody in the secondary immune response?

Answer 28

IgG

Question 29

nce a MHC class II molecule binds to the CD4+ receptor on T-cells, they can differentiate into one of two cells.

Answer 29

Th2 Th17