Infection/Safety/Sleep/Skin Integrity/Wound Care/Activity & Exercise

Question 1

What are the 2 types of asepsis?

Answer 1

medical and surgical

Question 2

Define medical asepsis

Answer 2

includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area

objects in medical asepsis are referred to as “clean”

Question 3

Define surgical asepsis

Answer 3

practice that keeps an Rea or object free of all microorganisms

aka sterile

Question 4

What are the 3 methods of transmission?

Answer 4

direct; indirect; airborne

Question 5

Define direct transmission

Answer 5

immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person through touching, kissing, biting, or sexual intercourse

Question 6

Is droplet spread a form of direct transmission?

Answer 6

Yes - only if the source and host are within 3 feet of each other

Question 7

What are the 2 types of indirect transmission?

Answer 7

vehicle; vector

Question 8

examples of vehicle borne transmission

Answer 8

food, water, milk, blood, serum, plasma, soiled clothes, toys, cooking utensils, etc.

Question 9

example of vector borne transmission

Answer 9

animal or flying/crawling insect that serves an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent

Question 10

define airborne transmission

Answer 10

droplets or dust

Question 11

What are the 2 types of specific defense/immunity?

Answer 11

active immunity; passive immunity

Question 12

Define active immunity

Answer 12

host produces its own antibodies in response to infection or vaccines

Question 13

Define passive immunity

Answer 13

host receives it naturally from mother or artificially from injection of immune serum

Question 14

Factors that increase risk of infection

Answer 14

age, heredity, stressors, nutritional status, medical therapies, dx procedures, meds, presence of disease

Question 15

What is the etiologic agent?

Answer 15

microorganism

Question 16

What is the reservoir?

Answer 16

source

Question 17

what are the major goals of a pt susceptible to infection?

Answer 17

maintain or store defenses
avoid spread of infectious organisms
reduce or alleviate problems associated with infection

Question 18

How long does the CDC recommend you wash your hands for?

Answer 18

vigorously for 10 seconds

Question 19

Factors that affect safety

Answer 19

age and development, lifestyle, mobility and health status, cognitive awareness, emotional state, ability to communicate, safety awareness, environmental factors

Question 20

Define circadian rhythm

Answer 20

biorhythm that is controlled from within the body and synchronized with environmental factors such as light and darkness, gravity and electromagnetic stimuli

Question 21

What are the 2 types of sleep?

Answer 21

NREM (non-REM sleep)

REM (rapid eye movement sleep)

Question 22

How many stages of NREM are there?

Answer 22

4

Question 23

What occurs during stage 1 of NREM

Answer 23

relaxed and drowsy
profound restfulness
lasts only a few minutes
floating sensation

Question 24

What occurs during stage 2 of NREM

Answer 24

lightly asleep

easily aroused

Question 25

What occurs during stage 3 of NREM

Answer 25

``` less easily aroused medium depth sleep muscles totally relaxed decreased in BP decrease in body temperature ```

Question 26

What occurs during stage 4 of NREM

Answer 26

``` deepest sleep stage rarely moves muscles completely relaxed difficult to arouse occurs 30-40 minutes following sleep onset ```

Question 27

Physiological changes during NREM

Answer 27

``` arterial BP falls HR decreases peripheral blood vessels dilate GI tract activity can increase skeletal muscles relax basal metabolic rate decreases 10-30% ```

Question 28

Characteristics of REM sleep

Answer 28

active dreams occur/remembered difficulty arousing but may wake spontaneously depressed muscle tone irregular HR, RR irregular muscle movements occur, esp. rapid eye movement brain is very active

Question 29

Sleep requirements for newborns

Answer 29

16-18 hours over approx. 7 sleep periods

Question 30

Sleep requirements for infants

Answer 30

12-14 to 22 hours per day

Question 31

Sleep requirements for toddlers

Answer 31

10-12 hours

Question 32

Sleep requirements for preschoolers

Answer 32

11-12 hours

Question 33

Sleep requirements for school aged children

Answer 33

8-12 hours

Question 34

Sleep requirements for adolescents

Answer 34

8-10 hours

Question 35

Sleep requirements for young adults

Answer 35

7-8 hours

Question 36

Sleep requirements for middle aged adults

Answer 36

6-8 hours

Question 37

Sleep requirements for older adults

Answer 37

6 hours

Question 38

factors that affect sleep

Answer 38

age, illness, environment, fatigue, lifestyle, emotional stress, alcohol and stimulants, diet, smoking, motivation, meds

Question 39

Nursing interventions to promote sleep wellness

Answer 39

``` pt teaching of importance of sleep and factors that may be contributing to lack thereof supporting bedtime rituals creating restful environment promoting comfort and relaxation enhancing sleep with medications ```

Question 40

6 different types of wounds

Answer 40

``` incision contusion abrasion puncture laceration penetrating wound ```

Question 41

Describe incision

Answer 41

caused by a sharp instrument open wound; painful, deep or shallow

Question 42

Describe contusion

Answer 42

blow from blunt object closed wound, skin bruised due to damage blood vessels

Question 43

Describe abrasion

Answer 43

surface scrape; intentional (ex: bx) or unintentional (ex: scraped knee) open wound involving skin; painful

Question 44

Describe puncture

Answer 44

penetration of skin and possibly underlying tissue; intentional or unintentional open wound

Question 45

Describe laceration

Answer 45

tissue torn apart, often from accidents open wound; edges usually jagged

Question 46

Describe penetrating wound

Answer 46

penetration of the skin and underlying tissue open wound

Question 47

What are the 3 phases of wound healing

Answer 47

inflammatory, proliferative, maturation

Question 48

What occurs during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Answer 48

hemostasis and phagocytosis

Question 49

What occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing?

Answer 49

collagen is synthesized (strengthen wound); increased blood supply; granulation tissue develops; fibrinous tissue is eventually converted into scar tissue

Question 50

what occurs during the maturation phase of wound healing?

Answer 50

collagen fibers continue to grow; scar tissue becomes stronger; keloids may develop d/t excess collagen

Question 51

What are the 3 major types of exudate?

Answer 51

serous, purulent, sanguineous (hemorrhagic)

Question 52

Describe serous exudate

Answer 52

serum derived from blood and the serous membranes of the body

Question 53

Describe purulent exudate

Answer 53

thicker d/t presence of pus (WBC, liquefied dead tissue debris, dead and living bacteria)

Question 54

Describe sanguineous (hemorrhagic) exudate

Answer 54

large amounts of RBC