Infections & Immunity Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are infections caused by?
By pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoans/fungi
What is a plants immune response to an infecting pathogen?
Recognize the shape of the infecting pathogen
Produce Salicylic acid
Activate resistance genes
Self destruct, form and area of dead cells and prevent infection spread
What is systemic acquired resistance?
When SA moves from site of infection through phloem of uninfected parts to activate immune system to produce defensive compound to make entire plant resistance to pathogen
What is an animals first line of defense?
How.
Skin
Prevents germs from getting in body
What is an animals second line of defense? (2)
Primary: inflammation and fever - destroys germs and prevents them from spreading
Secondary: immune system - fights + destroys germs that have spread
3 types of white cells
B lymphocytes: produce antibodies
T lymphocytes:
Phagocytes: (macrophages) destroys germs by phagocytosis/Ingestion
3 types of T lymphocytes?
CD4 cells: start immune response to infection
Killer T cells: destroys cells containing virus
Suppressor cells: close down immune response
What is the process of an lymphocytes producing antibodies?
Communicate
Produce
Destroy
Create
4 functions of antibodies?
Cause bacteria cells to burst
Label germs for phagocytosis
Make germs clump - weakening them
Neutralize bacterial toxin
What are phagocytes and where are they produced?
Large lymphocytes that can change their shape
Produced in red marrow, move to lymphoid and connective tissue
Functions of phagocytes?
Actively looks for germs to engulf them, causing a phagosome
Vacuole in phagocyte destroys germs, resultant molecule absorbed in cytoplasm to be used by cell
What is an antibiotic?
Substances that fight infections caused by bacteria but that no effect on viruses
How do antibiotics destroy bacteria directly?
Prevent proper formation of cell wall -> bacteria unstable then bursts
Damage cell membrane -> permeability changes-> cell contents leak
Affect RNA and prevent protein synthesis -> prevent protein and enzyme formation causing death
Negatives of antibiotics for humans:
Side effect pa: nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps, yeast infections
Allergies: (penicillin) breath shortness, itching, swelling
Negatives of antibiotics for bacteria:
Can be resistant and carry on reproducing
Super bugs
What is antibiotic resistance?
Why?
Causes?
Evolves naturally acting upon random mutation
Bacteria breed rapidly, mutations could be resistant, resistant trait multiples
Repeated antibiotics
Incorrect use of antibiotics
What is a vaccine?
A suspension of dead weekend or fermented micro-organism that stimulate the production of antibodies which induces immunity
(Make them immune to the disease)
What are natural antibodies?
Biosynthesis: antibodies made by living organisms such as fungi and penicillium
What are synthetic antibodies?
Changed atoms in penicillin molecules for different effects
What are therapeutic proteins?
Insulin and growth factors produced by recombinant PNA tech
genetic engineering
