Nervous System Flashcards by Tatum Harper

Nervous system?

Responds the fastest and is brought about by impulses traveling along nerves (reflexes)

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Endocrine system?

Is slower and is brought about by chemicals called hormones which are carried by blood

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What are hormones ?

Made in one part, used in another

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3 functions of nervous system?

Sensory
Integrative
Motor

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Sensory function?

Sensory receptors detect changes in external and internal environments

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Integrative function?

The CNS receives this info and decides which effectors must react

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Motor function?

Effectors (muscles and glands) bring about appropriate responses

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Central nervous system?

Brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord

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Peripheral nervous system?

Cranial nerves, ganglia outside CNS, spinal nerves

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What is the process of a stimulus?

Receptors respond to stimuli (sensory)
CNS processes and co ordinates the sensory output (integrative)
Effectors makes the correct response (motor)

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3 protections of the CNS (brain):

Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pra mater)
Skull and vertebrae (prevent jarring)
Cerebro-spinal fluid (cushion, shock absorber)

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Cerebrum

Largest of cerebral hemispheres(L=creative; R=logical)
Folds= gyri 
Grooves= sulci 
4 cavities (ventricles)= filled with cerebro spinal fluid

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Function of sulci?

Enlarge surface area for brain cells in cranial cavity

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What are the cerebral hemispheres divided by?

Function?

Myelinated nerve fibers

Form corpus collosum which provides communication

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Cerebellum

Upper part of brain stem
2 cerebullar hemispheres
Info from: motor region, eyes, organs of balance

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Lobe effects

Motor= voluntary movements 
Sensory= sense organs 
Association= higher mental acts

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Functions of cerebellum?

Coordinate voluntary movement(smooth, controlled)
Control muscle tone (tension)
Maintain posture and balance

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Why do toddlers fall over?

Cerebellum not fully developed

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Hypothalamus

Control center ( master gland)
Part of brain and endocrine system 
Endocrine gland 
Receives info via nerve impulses

Functions of hypothalamus?

Body temp
Control autonomic system to maintain homeostasis
Control pituitary gland (secrete hormones)
Emotional response and behavior

What is homeostasis?

Water balance
Food intake
Sleep-wake cycles

Medulla oblangata

Lowest part
Path for impulses (fibers cross: L controls R vice versa)
Reflex center (therefore cant live without it)
Control important invl. Movement ps (sneezing, coughing…)

Spinal cord definition?

Function?

Elongated rod of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla though the magnum foramen
Path for brain, sense organs and effectors
Primitive reflex actions (patella reflex, pupil dilation)

Spinal cord matters and there contents?

Grey matter: nerve cell bodies, dendrites, synapses (middle)

White matter: axons with myelin sheaths (info carried)(outer)

PNS function and what it’s made up of?

Sensory (collects info) Motor (transmits impulses) Nerves and ganglia

Somatic- function and where it send impulses to?

Controls voluntary movement | Skeletal muscles

Autonomic- function where it send impulses to?

Controls involuntary movement & glands | Cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

Two types of autonomic?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Function of sympathetic?

Leave CNS from lumbar and thoracic regions | Adrenalin and fight or flight

Function of parasympathetic?

Leave CNS from brain and spine | Allows body to rest and digest. Recover

How many nerves link CNS and PNS

43 pairs

Where is the place or those nerves .

12 pairs : cranial nerves | 31 pairs : spinal nerves

Function on Schwann cells

Produce myelin

Function of nodes of ranvier?

Allow impulses to jump to nodes

Function of myelin sheath?

Made from neuroglia | Insulates and speeds up

Functions of dendrites?

White matter | Pick up message

What is most of the metabolic activity?

Generate ATP Protein synthesis Integration

Amount axons and their function?

Carry impulse to synapse s | 1 axon per neuron

Function of sensory/afferent neuron and polarity?

Transports impulse from receptor(sense organ) to CNS | Unipolar

Function and polarity of inter neuron?

Transports impulse from sensory organ to motor neuron (connector) Multi/bi polar

Function and polarity of motor neuron?

Transports impulse to receptor, from CNS to effector | Multipolar

Step 1 of nerve impulse:

RESTING POTENTIAL resting state: not stimulated and polarized (out=+;in=-) Resting potential: difference in charge across membrane

Step 2 of nerve impulse:

ACTIVE POTENTIAL Depolarization: neuron stimulated, Charges are reversed (out=-; in=+) Threshold potential:complete depolarization, electrical activity Bursts All or nothing response: is threshold potential isn’t reached, no nerve impulse

Step 3 of nerve impulse :

REFRACTORY POTENTIAL | Repolarisation: charges go back to normal

What gives neurons their special conducting properties?

The difference in permeability to sodium and potassium ions

Function of the reflex arc?

Enables a quick response where higher brain centers not involved Safety mechanism to protect body from danger

What effects reflex reaction time?

Alcohol slows it down | Determines if CNS is in a good state