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infectious challenges Parasites Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

what is a parasite

A

an organism that uses a hosts nutrients without giving anything back

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2
Q

what is an endo-parasite

A

lives within the body of the organism

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3
Q

what is an ecto-parasite

A

lives outside the body of the host

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4
Q

are tapeworms endo or ecto parasites

A

endoparasites

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5
Q

how are tapeworms diagnosed in horses+ why is it unreliable

A
  • faecal egg detection = not finding eggs doesn’t mean they aren’t present
  • sedimentation and floatation method
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6
Q

describe the features of a tapeworm

A
  • head (scolex) contains 4 suckers + hooks
  • flattened tail (strobila) segmented
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7
Q

what is the life cycle of a tapeworm in horses

A
  • horse ingests cysticercoid infected mite
  • cysticercoid develops into tapeworm in intestine
  • tapeworm eggs laid in horse faeces
  • eggs eaten by mite which crawls onto vegetation
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8
Q

what damage can tapeworms cause

A

rectal prolapse

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9
Q

what can be used to remove 70% of tapeworms

A
  • a dose of pyrantel pamoate
  • however a double dose may harm pregnant / breeding animals
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10
Q

What is the pork tapeworm

A
  • Up to 7M long - coils up
  • scolex with double row of hooks
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11
Q

What is the definitive host of tapeworms

A
  • Human or alternative host = pig
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12
Q

What is the impact of tapeworms

A

Large cysts in the brain + other organs = can be life threatening

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13
Q

What are the causes of worm infections

A

Uncooked / contaminated meat
Untreated sewage

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14
Q

What is a way to prevent worms in animals

A
  • disposing human faeces away from livestock
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15
Q

What are some treatments for worms in animals

A
  • compounds that are toxic to worms
  • alternative methods due to parasitic drug resistance
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16
Q

What are the failures of de-wormers

A
  • overuse of de wormers = immunity
    -> next generation also resistant
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17
Q

What causes sheep scab

A

Highly contagious - mite feeding on animal skin
- sheep scratch at affected areas

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18
Q

What happens to those with sheep scab

Study These Flashcards
A
  • large portion of fleece lost
  • skin hardens with raw patches = open to bacterial infection
  • lack of rest due to irritation
  • advanced cases = death
19
Q

What is the life cycle of psoroptes ovis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • spends entire life cycle on host
  • 122 days from egg to egg
  • asymptomatic sheep spread infestation to others
20
Q

What are the economic costs of sheep scab

Study These Flashcards
A

loss of
- wool
- leather
- milk
- meat
- reproduction

Death of sheep
Cost of treatment
Cost of control

21
Q

What are the treatments and control for sheep scab

Study These Flashcards
A
  • scabicides = treat all the flock at the same time
  • treat sheep twice
22
Q

What is the main type of sheep blowfly

Study These Flashcards
A

Lucilia cuprina

23
Q

Where do sheep blowfly breed no and where are they native

Study These Flashcards
A
  • breed + multiply on carcass
  • native to Africa -> spread to Asia + Australia = warm climates
24
Q

How do lucilia cuprina lay their eggs

Study These Flashcards
A
  • lay eggs on soiled fleece / wounds = nutrients
  • larvae lacerate skin using anterior hooks + digest tissue by secreting proteolytic enzymes -> more space for more eggs / larvae
25
How many days from eggs laid to mating is the blowfly's lifecycle
15 days
26
What are prevention methods for Lucilia cuprina
- dipping with organophosphates treat strike + prevent secondary infection -> risk of nervous issues in animals + handlers - grazing in open pastures - efficient disposal of dead animals
27
What is the name for sheep tick
Ixodes ricinus
28
What disease causing agents does sheep tick transmit
- red water fever in cattle - Louping I'll in sheep - tick fever
29
Where are ticks the most significant carriers
Temperate Europe VS mosquitos in the tropics
30
What bacteria can lead to Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
31
What % of people die from tick-borne encephalitis
1%
32
What are the 4 stages of a tick life cycle
Egg -> larva -> nymph -> adult
33
Describe the life cycle of the tick
- egg hatches in early spring = warmer climate - larva attaches to passing bird / mammal feeds on blood for 3-4 days then drops onto soil - emerges months later as a nymph which attaches itself to host feeds then drops off to mature into an adult - adult attaches to 3rd host + feeds then drops off and lays eggs
34
How do ticks transmit infection
- infected tick passes pathogen into host's body while feeding - another tick picks up the infection when feeding on that host and passes it on to other animals
35
What are prevention methods for ticks
- pesticides (acaricide sheep dips) - selective breeding of more resistant livestock - vaccination of livestock against pathogens rather than ticks - chemicals (chemoprophylaxy)
36
What are the problems with tick prevention
- increasing acaricide resistance in ticks - pollution - pathogens have to be vaccinated separately - problems of testing as carriers may look healthy - cost
37
What is liver fluke called
Fasciola hepatica
38
Which animal is more susceptible to liver fluke disease than cattle
sheep
39
What 3 ways can Fasciolosis be classified
- acute = intensive + quick development - subacute - chronic = gradual
40
What are the problems caused by liver fluke
- abdominal pain + diarrhoea - ulcers - haemorrhage - abscesses of intestinal wall - liver damage - anaemia (due to liver damage)
41
Describe the life cycle of liver fluke
- adult fluke produces eggs which are passed out in faeces - miracidia are hatched from eggs under optimal conditions - miracidia invades Lymnaeid snail = intermediate host, developing into a sporocyst - cercariae exit snail + swim to vegetation and form metacercariae - metacercariae ingested by sheep = infective stage of liver fluke - adult fluke ends up in bile duct
42
How can liver fluke be diagnosed
- post mortem = presence of liver fluke in animals body, size indicating age + resident time - fluke egg count = eggs in faecal sample (sedimentation / flotation ) - liver enzymes = raised enzyme levels can diagnose acute liver fluke disease + raised GGT can indicate chronic disease
43
What is the treatment + control of liver fluke
Control - Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock has 2 main objectives = reduce the population of infected snails = Eliminate fluke from animals via drainage of snail habitats + no grazing near snail habitats Treatment - different athelmintic / flukicides = less effective against immature stages - tailored fluke control systems for individual farms

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