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infectious diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

helminths

A

parasitic worms

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2
Q

Trematodes

A

flukes, flatworms with suckers; hermaphroditic self reproduction; snail intermediate host

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3
Q

cestodes

A

tapeworm flatoworms in intestinal lumen; hermaphroditic self reproduction; larval forms cystic or solid

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4
Q

nematodes

A

roundworms in intestine are bisexual

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5
Q

roundworms

A

nematodes

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6
Q

flukes

A

trematode flatworms

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7
Q

schistosomiasis

A

snail fever by trematode (flatworm) Schistosomiasis haematobium
associated with bladder cancer

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8
Q

bladder cancer

A

schistosomiasis

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9
Q

snail fever

A

schistosomiasis

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10
Q

snail intermediate host

A

snail fever/schistosomiasis (flatworm trematode)

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11
Q

schistosomiasis life cycle

A

schistosome infected egg released in urine/feces to freshwater aquatic evnironments and infect snails. miracidia transformed into cercacia, motile stage of parasite that infects humans. cercaria burrow in sin leaving surface lesion and MIGRATE TO LUNGS and LIVER, west. long term infection of blood vessels. from liver, infects bladder, kidney, urethra. large egg masses become trapped in bladder/organs causing inflammatory response and distention of abdomen. eggs shed in urine/feces

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12
Q

swimmers itch

A

schistosomiasis trematode flatworm, snail fever

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13
Q

what does schistosomiasis affect?

A

bloody urine, chronic, infects liver, lungs, bladder (cancer), (kidneys/urethra)

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14
Q

filariasis

A

nematode roundworm infection of lymphatic system by Wuchereria Bancroft
bancrofts and elephantiasis

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15
Q

wuchereria bancrofti

A

nematode roundworm causes filariasis, bancrofts, elephantiasis

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16
Q

filariasis transmission

A

worm transmitted in microfilariae of mosquito bite

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17
Q

filariasis infection

A

roundworm microfilariae of mosquito bite develop into adult worms and interrupt lymph flow, leading to major accumulation of fluid/edema in legs
120+ million in tropics

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18
Q

river blindness

A

onchocerciasis by roundworm nematode onchocerciasis volvulus with black flies as vector

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19
Q

onchocerciasis volvulus

A

onchocerciasis river blindness

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20
Q

onchocerciasis

A

river blindness by onchocerca volvulus microfilariae which infect black flies and invade the cornea, then iris and retina, triggers inflammation, scarring and vision loss
2nd to trachoma as infectious blindness

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21
Q

causes of infectious blindness

A

trachoma and 2nd onchocerciasis river blindness

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22
Q

onchocerciasis river blindness vector

A

black flies

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23
Q

onchocerciasis river blindness attack

A

cornea, the iris and retina

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24
Q

trichinosis

A

caused by trichinella roundworm that infects muscle tissue of animals

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25
schistosomiasis cases
250 million
26
trichinosis transmission
consumption of undercooked wild game enters the intestinal mucosal cells, leading to asymptomatic condition or mild gastroenteritis. larva mature and reproduce, causing inflammatory response and facial swelling.
27
hallmark of trichinosis
facial swelling and muscle pain
28
untreated complications of trichinosis
heart damage, encephalitis and death
29
treatment trichinosis
antihelminthic drugs like mebendazole and steroids
30
diagnosis of trichinosis
immunoassay
31
black fly vector
onchocerciasis river blindness
32
Ascaris Lumbricoides
large nematode roundworm in human lumen of small intestine
33
Ascaris Lumbricoides infection
females produce 200,000 eggs per day, passed in feces unfertilized eggs NOT infective fertilized infective eggs are swallowed, hatch and invade the intestinal mucosa and are carried to the lungs, where they mature, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat. swallowed again, reach the small intestine and develop into adult worms. often asymptomatic
34
most common global helminth disease
ascaris lumbricoides
35
transmission ascaris lumbricoides
contaminated soil or produce fecal-soil-oral transmission
36
ascaris lumbricoides hosts
humans and pigs
37
ascaris lumbricoides complications
worm burdens cause abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction, potential perforation in high intensity infections Migrating adult worms cause symptomatic occlusion of the biliary tract, appendicitis
38
appendicitis
ascaris lumbricoides
39
treatment of filariasis
DEC
40
nonsocial infections
HCAIs infections not present and without evidence of incubation at the time of admission to a health facility
41
rate of HCAI nosocomial infections
2 million+ hospitalizations/year add +8 days to hospital stay $2-3 billion cost/year 4:1 ICU to non-ICU units antibiotic resistant
42
increased rate of nosocomial infections
understaffed nurses, ICUs, invasive procedures, long stays
43
5 nosocomial infections
1. 50% UTIs by foley/catheter 2. surgical wound 3.respiratory pneumonia from ventilators and ICU 4. blood - primary bacteremia 5. clostridium difficile (spores) in feces
44
UTI nosocomial infection
adds 1-2 days to hospital stay from foley/catheter contamination
45
UTI pathogens
enterococcus, yeast, resistant gram - rods (like E. coli) Confirmed thru microscopic urinalysis showing WBCs and by culture
46
surgical wound infection
Adds 7 days to hospital stay purulent discharge/drainage, wound dehiscence, erythema rash, with/out fever
47
surgical wound risks
Long procedures Long pre-op hospitalization Elderly Steroid use Morbid obesity - artificial grafts
48
surgical wound pathogens
MRSA, resistant gram - rods like enterobacter, acinetobacter (gram negative - coccobacilli)
49
primary bacteremia
from access central IV invasive lines CLABSIs central line associated bloodstream infections from Dialysis permacaths, chemo ports, Groshung catheters, PICC lines (peripheral insertion)
50
CLABSIs
central line associated bloodstream infections are primary bacteremia (transient, exit site, tunnel, septic phlebitis)
51
transient bacteremia
don’t bull the line unless gram negative MRSA/MSSA or yeast
52
exit site infection
involved mild purulent drainage - treat locally and w oral antibiotics
53
tunnel infection
primary bacteremia more serious, line should be removed and IV antibiotics started
54
Septic phlebitis (primary bacteremia)
less common but serious. Septic pulmonary embolic can develop and lines must come out. Use antibiotics 4 weeks treatment
55
bacteremia source from catheters
1. absence of other source infection such as pneumonia, UTI or a wound 2. positive blood culture for a recognized pathogen for catheter related infections 3. Vancomycin is drug of choice for MRSA 4. Complicated septic phlebitis takes about 4 weeks of treatment
56
MRSA treatment
vancomycin
57
respiratory pneumonia
80% of HCAP are ventilator associated during surgery Normal oral flora is replaced by gram - rods: often Staph within 4-7 days of hospitalization HCAP adds 11 days to hospital course of treatment and has 25% mortality rate
58
mortality rate ventilatory pneumonia
25%
59
VAP pneumonia agents
gram - rods, often Staph
60
VAP pneumonia hospital stay
adds +11 days
61
risks pneumonia
high gastric pH, surgery, elderly, immunosuppressed, intubation Aspiration risks include. Strokes, seizures, alcohol related delirium
62
pneumonia aspiration risks
Strokes, seizures, alcohol related delirium
63
VAP pneumonia treatment
greater than 5 days intubation is treated as MRSA and resistant gram negative - rods
64
ventilator bundle
1. Head of the bed greater than 30 degrees (lessens aspiration) 2. assessment of readiness to extubate 3. Peptic ulcer disease Prophylaxis 4. Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis 5. Maintain Adequate Suctioning
65
leprosy
hansens disease Mycobacterium leprae obligate ACID FAST bacilli diagnosis inefective effective vaccines Transmission: through contact with nasal secretions and skin lesions or contact with 9 banded armadillo facial lesions an nodules
66
pertussis
whooping cough Gram negative, aerobic coccobacillus Attaches to host cells of upper respiratory tract and excretes exotoxin, inducing synthesis of cyclic AMP 3 stages: Catarrhal: nonspecific Paroxysmal: introduction of characteristic cough Convalescent: week 4 Transmitted by aerosols
67
hantavirus
Single stranded minus sense RNA virus Zoonotic pathogen by infected rodents Hemorrhagic fever, renal syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
68
Neisseria Meningitidis
vaccine effectiveness Gram neg - bacteria Prods polysaccharide capsule Airborne transmission Attaches to nasopharynx Inflamed protective NS covering - meninges IV treatment of penicillin
69
ebola
vaccines Ss RNA virus of filoviridae Endemic to congo Hemorrhaging, bleeding/bruising Dry and wet symptoms African fruit bat reservoir
70
monkeypox
Zoonotic orthopox ds DNA virus Related to smallpox Pustular rash In congo Sporadic outbreaks Contact with wildlife, rodents Transmitted thru respiratory droplets, contact with skin lesions, contaminated fomites, not STI
71
Legionella
bacteria in soil and freshwater Gram - Resistant to chlorine Rod shaped Transmitted through contaminated water or airborne droplets, NOT human to human Causes pneumonia Fatal philadelphia outbreak Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
72
Lymphatic Filariasis = elephantiasis presentation
affects lymph nodes and circulatory system Parasitic worm spread by mosquito bites Hygeine
73
Zika Virus
Ss + sense RNA arbovirus Flaviviridae family Vector borne through aedes aegypti mosquito Sexual and vertical congenital (mother to infant) transmission Guillain barre syndrome zika virus associated congenital anomalies (microcephaly)
74
Creutzfeldt-Jakob - Prion diseases
mad cow transmissible spongiform encephalopathies TSEs of progressive neurodegenerative disorders Prions: pathogenic agents are transmissible and induce abnormal folding of proteins called prior proteins in the brain Affects 1/Million/Year Effectiveness of pharmalogical treatments for CJD patients
75
endocarditis
inner layer of heart
76
myocarditis
muscle in middle controls pumping of heart
77
peritonitis
outer layer heart
78
monoclonal antibodies
episodic migraines made in lab to stimulate immune system Exact copies/duplicates of 1 antibody and bind to 1 antigen only
79
dengue fever
Ss rna + flavivirus 4 serotypes Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome
80
mediastinitis
welling and irritation (inflammation) of the chest area between the lungs (mediastinum). Can be caused by infectious disease. Most cases are associated with cardiac surgery mono bacterial Surgical debridement is the mainstay of therapy

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