infectious final Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
how is rabies diagnosed
A
RT-PCR and examination of tissue sample for virus and Negri bodies
2
Q
how is hantavirus transmitted to humans
A
rodents; their waste or saliva
3
Q
leading cause of gastrointestinal illness worldwide
A
norovirus
4
Q
biosafety level appropriate for ebola
A
level 4
5
Q
characterize hansens disease (leprosy)
A
folded, bulblike lesions on body, esp. face and extremities and transmitted by direct contact as well as airborne route
6
Q
HAART protocol for treating west. HIV infections
A
protease inhibitor of viral maturation and reverse transcription inhibitor and fusion inhibitor
7
Q
NOT true of strep pyrogenes
A
best diagnosed using RT-PCR
8
Q
NOT true of ebola
A
there have never been active cases in US
9
Q
NOT true of Human immunodeficiency virus
A
HIV-2 causes about 90% of AIDS
10
Q
what do you see in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
A
reduction in platelets, vague fever and fatigue, difficulty breathing
11
Q
NOT true of yellow fever
A
about 1/2 of cases go toxic characterized by jaundice and hemorrhaging
12
Q
Not true of smallpox
A
transmitted via mosquito
13
Q
NOT true of polio
A
caused by DNA piconaviridae enterovirus (+ sense RNA)
14
Q
system of classifying viruses
A
Baltimore classification system
15
Q
case study: college student reports sensitivity to light and stiff neck
A
neisseria meningitidis
16
Q
streptococcus pyogenes
A
gram + aerotolerant cocci that cause pharyngitis
17
Q
gram + aerotolerant cocci that cause pharyngitis
A
streptococcus pyogenes
18
Q
corynebacterium diptheriae
A
causes severe respiratory disease by gram + aerobic club shape. death by suffocation
19
Q
causes severe respiratory disease by gram + aerobic club shape. death by suffocation
A
corynebacterium diptheriae
20
Q
bordetella pertussis
A
gram negative aerobic bacteria that causes violent cough
21
Q
mycobacterium
A
acid fast bacteria that causes TB and leprosy
22
Q
neisseria
A
cause inflammation of meninges w manifestations ranging from transient fever to death
23
Q
acid fast bacterium that causes TB and leprosy
A
mycobacterium
24
Q
gram - aerobic bacteria that causes violent cough
A
bortedella pertussis
25
Epstein Barr Virus causes classic mononucleosis
TRUE
26
C. diphtheria can cause myocarditis and endocarditis
TRUE
27
antimicrobial treatment of TB includes isoniazid and rifampin
TRUE
28
treatment of leprosy involves multi drug approach of inhibitors
TRUE
29
strep pyogenes is also called Beta hemolytic or group A strep bc they can hemolyses red blood cells and belong to lance fields serogroup A
TRUE
30
yellow fever has a jungle cycle, intermediate, and urban cycle related to transmission
TRUE
31
dengue fever involved a ss RNA virus of + sense transmitted by aides aegypti mosquito and originated in monkeys
TRUE
32
dengue fever agent
ss + sense RNA virus
33
most viral vaccines involved attenuated virus until development of mRNA vaccines
TRUE
34
rickettsia prowazekii
epidemic typhus
35
epidemic typhus agent
rickettsia prowazekii
36
treponema pallidum
syphillis
37
syphillis agent
treponema pallidum
38
staphylococci aereus
acne, boils, meningitis, pneumonia, carditis, food poisoning
39
helicobacter pylori
ulcers
40
rickettsia rickettsia
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
41
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
rickettsia rickettsia
42
chlamydia trachomatis
nongonococcal urethritis
43
nongonococcal urethritis
chlamydia trachomatis
44
coxiella burnetti
Q fever
45
Q fever agent
coxiella burnetti
46
clostridium perfringens
gas gangrene
47
gas gangrene agent
clostridium perfringens
48
trypanosoma brucei
African sleeping sickness
49
african sleeping sickness
trypanosoma brucei
50
trypanosoma cruzi
chagas disease
51
chagas disease
trypanosoma cruzi
52
causative agent of typhus is transmitted by
body louse
53
role of toxins in anthrax
play a role in all 3 forms
54
tetanus booster
every 10 yrs
55
resistant to chlorination
legionella pneumophila
56
legionella pneumophila
resistant to chlorination
57
NOT top cause of food borne illness
clostridium botulinum
58
growth factor analog drugs
sulfa drugs
59
sulfa drugs
growth factor analog drug
60
drugs that interfere w cell wall synthesis
B-lactam antibiotics
61
B-lactam antibiotics
interfere w cell wall synthesis
62
antiviral drug to combat HIV
inhibitors of HIV multiplication, block active site of protease, fusion inhibitors
63
drugs impact transcription
rifampin
64
rifampin
impacts transcription
65
decimal reduction time
time required for 10 fold reduction in viability of microbial population at a given temperature
66
time for a 10 fold reduction in viable microbes
decimal reduction time
67
NOT true of fungi
chemoorganotrophs and mostly anaerobic
68
fungi
mostly aerobic
69
does NOT form cysts
trichomonad vaginalis
70
most effective antimicrobial agent for destroying ALL microorganisms and their endospores
sterilants
71
sterliants
kill all microorganisms and endospores
72
broad spectrum antibiotic
tetracycline and erythromycin
73
erythromycin
broad spectrum antibiotic
74
NOT CDC recommended
treat w the newest available antimicrobial drug
75
which level of immunity is MOST specific
adaptive
76
adaptive immunity
most specific level of immunity
77
innate immunity
includes macrophages
78
T and B cells origin
lymphoid stem cells
79
lymphoid stem cells
produce T and B cells
80
primary antibody response
IgM
81
IgM
in blood; primary antibody response
82
vaccination
artificial active
83
artificial active
vaccination
84
neisseria gonorrhoeae is responsible for more deaths/year than syphllis
FALSE
85
syphillis causes more deaths than neisseria gonorrhoeae
TRUE
86
murine typhus caused by rickettsia typhi is more serious than epidemic typhus
FALSE
87
vibrio cholera, agent of cholera, is non-motile, gram + organism contracted from contaminated food and water
FALSE
88
legionella pneumophila grows within macrophages and monocytes
TRUE
89
guardia intestinales cysts are chlorine resistant
TRUE
90
trichophytdon is superficial mycosis that causes athletes foot and can be treated w antifungal creams
TRUE
91
trichophyton
superficial mycosis causes athletes foot
92
Th helper cells stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies
TRUE
93
memory cells persist after primary exposure to a pathogen and are T cells
FALSE
94
NOT caused by paramyxovirus
rubella
95
hepatitis virus that is double stranded DNA virus transmitted by blood or body fluid and causes severe liver failure and death
Hepatitis B
96
hepatitis B
ds DNA virus transmitted by blood or body fluid and causes severe liver failure or death
97
hepatitis virus is ss RNA flavivirus transmitted parentally and is assoc w chronic liver disease
Hepatitis C
98
hepatitis C
RNA flavivirus transmitted parentally and causes chronic liver disease
99
NOT true of herpes virus
all single stranded - sense RNA viruses
100
sterilants
most effective antimicrobial for destroying all microorganisms and endospores
101
infective stage of schistosomiasis for humans
Cercariae
102
cercariae
infective state of schistosomiasis
103
filariasis caused by what helminth
nematode
104
NOT true of onchocerciasis
causative agent is (not) trematode
105
causative agent trichinosis
nematode
106
trichinosis transmission
consuming undercooked wild game
107
consuming undercooked wild game
trichinosis
108
adult worms of ascaris lumbricoides invade and parasitize:
intestine
109
diagnose diverticulitis
CT scan
110
intraabdominal infection (secondary peritonitis)
perforated viscus
111
perforated viscus
secondary peritonitis = intraabdominal infection
112
schistosoma eggs are shed from infected humans in
urine and feces
113
the worm that is causative agent of filariasis transmitted to humans by:
mosquito
114
filariasis transmission
worm to mosquito
115
hosts for ascaris lumbicoides
humans and pigs
116
ascaris lumbicoides
infects humans and pigs in intestine is most common helminth disease worldwide
117
causative agent of gastrointestinal diseases is clostridium difficile -
gram + anaerobic spore producing bacillus
118
gram + anaerobic spore producing bacillus
clostridium difficile
119
intermediary of schistosoma transmission to humans
snail
120
central line infections
transient bacteremia, exit sit, tunne, infection, septic phlebitis
121
HAI pneumonias by ventilators
80%
122
symptoms of schistosomiasis include
bloody urine, abdominal pain, distention of abdomen, diarrhea
123
systematic review
answers defined set of questions by summarizing all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria
124
most common agents of nosocomial infections
MSSA staph > candida > pseudomonas
125
MSSA > candida > pseudomonas
common agents of nosocomial infections
126
lifecycle of ascaris lumbricoides has usual infective eggs that:
are swallowed, invade the intestine and are carried to lungs where they mature
127
eggs are swallowed, invade intestine and carried to lungs to mature
ascaris lumbricoides
128
dukes major criteria for diagnosing endocarditis
positive blood cultures from 2 separate cultures drawn 12+ hrs apart
129
tremadotes
leaf shaped flatworms
130
leaf shaped flatworms
trematodes
131
tapeworms
elongated hemaphroditic flatworms
132
elongated hemaphroditic flatworms
tapeworms
133
common cause endocarditis
bacterial infection
134
nematodes
bisexual cylindrical worms
135
bisexual cylindrical worms
nematodes
136
common cause pericarditis
viral infection
137
peritonitis
infection of membrane lining cavity of abdomen
138
cause HAI bacteremia
central lines
139
eggs and adult worms of schistosome can live in body for years causing chronic symptoms
TRUE
140
legionella pneumophila is cause of community acquired pneumonia
TRUE
141
necrotizing pancreatitis involves death of pancreatic tissue by too much drinking, gallstones, or trauma to pancreas and infectious abscesses can form
TRUE
142
H. pylori diagnosed by CLO and formalin breath test
FALSE
143
ascaris lumbricoides is globally the most common helminth disease
TRUE
144
trichinosis diagnosed by PCR and treated with anthelminthic drugs
FALSE
145
pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram +, anaerobic spore forming rod bacteria involved in many HAI
FALSE
146
septic arthritis
gram + staph aureus
147
prosthetic septic arthritis
staph epidermis in knee or hip within 1 year post surgery or fall
148
gonococcal septic arthritis
sexually active, migratory pain spreads to joints/polyarthritis, blood culture < 10%
149
nongonococcal septic arthritis
old and young, monoarthritis, shows up in blood cultures
150
diagnose septic arthritis
Blood test, CSF or urine test
Rule out gout/pseudogout with uric crystal analysis
151
diagnose prosthetic septic arthritis
Communication between sinus tract and prosthesis may be diagnostic.
Synovial fluid campled for cell count/culture
X-rays imaging show loosening of prosthesis or periosteal reaction but NOT diagnostic
152
treatment prosthetic septic arthritis
arthrotomy - surgical exploration of joints to clean up with debridement of all cement, abscesses and devitalized tissues.
spacer treated with antibiotics
Debridement is followed by immediate prosthesis revision or placement of an antibiotic impregnated spacer and then delayed (2-4 months) implantation of a new prosthesis using antibiotic impregnated cement
153
prosthetic septic arthritis differs from septic arthritis of native joints by:
coagulase - staphylococcus like S. epidermidis account for a greater percentage of prosthetic joint infections
154
prosthetic septic arthritis differs from septic arthritis of native joints by:
coagulase - staphylococcus like S. epidermidis account for a greater percentage of prosthetic joint infections
155
coagulase - staphylococcus like S. epidermidis account for a greater percentage of prosthetic joint infections
prosthetic joint infections than native joint infections
156
Vertebral Osteomyelitis
spinal cord infection as result of injury to spine or after surgery
or spread thru bloodstream
more men affected
157
spondylodiscitis
vertebral osteomyelitis
158
risks of vertebral osteomyelitis
dialysis, sickle cell anemia, age, injecting drugs
159
symptoms vertebral osteomyelitis
Back pain is NOT relieved by pain meds, heat or resting
160
organisms of vertebral osteomyelitis
staph aureus
161
diagnose vertebral osteomyelitis
imaging
162
treat Vertebral Osteomyelitis
8 weeks of IV antibiotics
rifampin for MSSA and MRSA infections
braces or PT
Surgery to drain pus from infected area
163
Septic Bursitis
Painful swelling of small fluid filled sac called bursa. Bursa cushions areas where the bone would rub on muscle, tendons or skin. Bursitis most often occurs around joints
- pre patellar and olecranon (knee and elbow)
164
septic bursitis cause
direct inoculation by trauma/contact with Staph aureus and B strep usual pathogens
165
diagnose septic bursitis
aspirating fluid. Cell count > 5,000 with high PMNS
166
causative agent septic bursitis
B strep and staph aureus
167
treatment septic bursitis
2-3 weeks of IV antibiotics; bursectomy
168
Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis
soft tissue infection that spreads to bone and marrow, involving cortex first, then marrow
169
progression of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis
soft tissue to bone to marrow from cortex
forefoot (90%), mid foot, hindfoot
forefoot best prognosis
hind foot risk for amputation
170
diabetic foot osteomyelitis risks
neuropathy, deformities, decreased sweat, poor healing, hyperglycemia
171
bacteriology of diabetic foot osteomyelitis
multiple species bacteria involved
50% cases has Staph aureus; staph epidermidis 25%, then streptococci
4/1 ratio of Aerobes, anaerobes
172
agents of diabetic foot osteomyelitis
50% staph aureus, then staph epidermidis
4/1 ration aerobes to anaerobes
173
diagnose diabetic foot osteomyelitis
microbiolal and radiological eval. Width and depth of foot ulcer.
Deep ulcers > 3 mm assoc w underlying deep osteomyelitis.
Probe to bone test, if it reaches bone, PTB positive
174
treatment diabetic foot osteomyelitis
surgical debridement to rid of bacteria
IV antibiotics directed at mixed flora (wide spectrum) for 6-8 wks
Avoid weight bearing until healed
Ankle amputation
175
palmar space infections
deep closed spaces of hand are inoculated from penetrating skin trauma or animal bites
surgical emergency, drain
176
palmar space infection agent
Staph aureus (MMSA/MRSA), beta strep
177
bacterial meningitis
acute bacterial meningitis most common 80%,
brain swelling interrupts blood flow and causes paralysis or stroke
young children most susceptible
fast onset of symptoms in 24 hrs
178
risks of bacterial meningitis
infant, dorm, alcohol abuse, chronic ear and nose infection, head injury
179
bacterial meningitis agent
neisseria meningitides enters thru oral pharynx
180
bacterial meningitis symptoms
neck stiffness, confusion, irritable, drowsy, refusal to eat, fever, mental status change
181
diagnose bacterial meningitis
spinal tap
RBC/WBC ratio in clear CSF 300-500:1 WBC. CSF has high protein and low glucose.
182
treatment bacterial meningitis
antibiotics with corticosteroid bc of kidney failure or spleen removal
183
aseptic meningitis
clinical and lab evidence for meningeal inflammation with negative routine bacterial causes
Virus common cause
less severe symptoms
more common
184
aseptic meningitis symptoms
photophobia, nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness), seldom delirium
185
symptoms aseptic vs bacterial meningitis
aseptic is less severe with no delirium and more common
186
diagnose aseptic meningitis
CSF count shows 20-1000 cells, predominantly lymphocytes (immunity and antibodies), some PMNs
EEG and MRI are normal
differential diagnosis
187
brain abscesses
pus filled swelling in brain
188
pus filled swelling in brain
brain abscesses
189
causes brain abscesses
Contiguous focus spreads thru sinus tract
dental disease
Hematogenous bacteremic spread from distant site such as pneumonia
Endocarditis (spread to brain)
Trauma to brain
190
agent of brain abscesses
polymicrobial or fungal like asperigillus
191
symptoms brain abscesses
headache, mental status change, neurological changes including seizures, fever
192
treat brain abscesses
empirical antibiotics (bacterial) with flagyl and rocephin
Decadron IV to prevent edema
Anti-seizure meds
Neurosurgical opinion if abscess is > 2.5 cm surgery may be necessary
193
brain abscesses cases
2,500 cases per year in US
194
epidural abscesses
Infection forms in epidural space between skull bones and brain lining = bones of spine and lining membrane of spinal cord
195
epidural abscesses risk
Persistent sinus or ear infection or injury to head
Bone infection
Blood infection
Recent surgical procedure on back
196
epidural abscesses symptoms
headache, fever, changes in consciousness, vomiting
197
treatment epidural abscesses
Needs to be treated immediately- a true surgical emergency-either drain or remove the abscess
Spine stabilization needed
198
epidural abscesses agent
Staph aureus
199
complications epidural abscesses
Meningitis
Abscess of spinal cord
Long term back pain
Irreversible damage to your brain or nervous system, including paralysis
200
encephalitis cause
viral infection
(airborne or mosquito borne)
201
encephalitis symptoms
temporal lobe changes, stiff neck and fever to severe confusion, hallucinations, seizures, muscle weakness, speech problems
250,000+ cases
202
diagnose encephalitis
Lumbar puncture shows cell count of 200 RBCs and 600 WBCs with predominant lymphocytosis 75%
203
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
vacuolation on MRI, mad cow, elevated Tau proteins on CSF (or 14.3.3 protein marker on western blot), familial
204
rabies
virus (nonsegmented negative strand RNA-Rhabdoviridae family) attacks the CNS and salivary glands
205
GI tract
99% are obligate anaerobes that are capable of fermenting indigestible carbs to short chain fatty acids
H. pylori survives (stomach acid) and is the most common cause of stomach and duodenal ulcers
206
toxemia
rapid onset of symptoms following ingestion of cotaminated food or drink. There is lack of fever and absence of fecal leukocytes, infections take longer to show symptoms, often S. aereus ( gram +, aerobic) enterotoxins, most common cause of food poisoning in US
207
E. coli
gram - anaerobe, facultative
Enterotoxigenic e coli produce cholera like toxin,
MacConkey's agar, ELISA test
Shiga like e coli have acquired genes to express shiga toxins which cause cell death, edema and hemorrhage leading to hemorrhagic colitis and can extend to kidneys
Facultative, gram -, motile rod shaped bacteria
Avoid antibiotics bc it kills the bacteria releasing more toxin and increasing chance of hemolytic uremic syndrome HUS
208
Transverse Myelitis
Inflammation of spinal cord.
rare but serious
sensory probs, weakness in legs/arms, bladder and bowel probs
209
most common food poisoning
staph aureus
210
giardia lamblia
most common intestinal protozoan parasite with trophic and cystic stages. Resistant to chlorination.
Flagellate with both trophic and cystic stage (cysts are resistant o chlorination)
Ingested organisms colonize the duodenum and jejunum where they adhere to epithelium of microvillus
Small intestine
211
most common intestinal parasite/protozoan
giardia lamblia
212
Antimicrobial associated pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile (anaerobic gram + spore forming rod) is present in the intestines of 5% humans. Resistant to most broad spectrum antibiotics
hospitals
213
Inflammatory gastroenteritis
caused by salmonella
(over 1 million cases/yr but less vigorous response than shigella) and shigella (more toxic - prods toxin that enters host cell cytoplasm and stops protein synthesis) and campylobacter
E. coli
214
inflammatory gastroenteritis agent
salmonella
215
Aspiration pneumonia
gram - bacilli
triple threat
Aspiration of oral secretions caused by mouth flora - regurgitation. Foreign body post obstructive pneumonia, assoc w tumors
216
agent of aspiration pneumonia
gram - bacilli
217
Cavitary pneumonia
gas filled cavities in lung (Rare complication of severe pneumonia in which lung tissue breaks up and replaced by cavity which fills with gas)
218
causes cavitary pneumonia
Mycobacterium like m. tuberculosis (aerobic, bacillus with high cell wall content of lipids - acid fast stain)
219
acid fast
mycobacterium
220
diagnose and treatment cavitary pneumonia
PPD or gold serum assay. Treat with INH and rifampin
221
contagious pneumonia
community acquired pneumonia - most common cause of death from infection in US - often viral (RSV, covid)
CURB 65 score to admit ppl to hospital
NOT pneumococcus or legionella
222
most common cause of death from infection in US
contagious pneumonia
223
contagious pneumonia agents
virus, NOT legionella or pneumococcus
224
outbreak
compared case number for time period year to year
225
common source
DNA fingerprints from gel electrophoresis with identical banding patterns
226
establish case definition
outlined an incubation period and common symptoms, for certain demographic of people who tested positive
227
hypothesis generation
used control group (2 controls for every case matched by age and gender) as standard for comparison who may have ingested the contained product. found alfalfa sprouts as common food ingested week before onset symptoms
228
transmission leprosy
direct contact and airborne
229
lobar pneumonia
air sacs fill with pus and other liquid to impact lobes of the lungs and decrease efficiency
Streptococcus pneumoniae is most common
230
lobar pneumonia agent
streptococcus pneumoniae
231
VAP
86% nosocomial assoc w ventilators in ICU
250k - 300k cases / year
Higher mortality by pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter
232
lung abscesses
necrosis of lung tissue > 2 cm w most primary relating to existing parenchymal disease (kidney disorders w numerous cysts enlarge in both kidneys reducing function ability)
High % anaerobes
233
chronic bronchiectasis
dilation of bronchial tubes with destruction of smooth muscle and elastic tissue. the abnormal widening of the airways leads to build up of excess mucus, leaving the lungs vulnerable to infection. form of COPD.
Treatment includes inhaled steroids, chronic antibiotics and pulmonary hygiene
