Infectious Diseases, Environmental and Nutritional Pathology, Congenital Anomalies Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Multinucleated giant cells with
eosinophilic nuclear and
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
seen in measles infection
A
Warthin-Finkeldey
cells
2
Q
Ulcerated mucosal lesions in oral
cavity near opening of Stensen
duct in measles
A
Koplik spots
3
Q
Most common extra salivary
gland complication in mumps
A
Aseptic meningitis
4
Q
Causative agent of cold sores,
herpetic whitlow
A
HSV-1
5
Q
Causative agent of genital herpes
A
HSV-2
6
Q
α-herpesviruses
A
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV
7
Q
β-herpesvirus
A
CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7
8
Q
γ-herpesvirus
A
EBV, HHV-8
9
Q
Large cell and nucleus with
intranuclear basophilic inclusions
with surrounding clear halo
(Owl’s eye)
A
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
9
Q
EBV-associated malignancies
A
Nasopharyngeal
carcinoma, Burkitt
lymphoma, some
Hodgkin lymphoma
type
10
Q
Causative agent of infectious
mononucleosis
A
EBV
11
Q
Clinical form of leprosy
characterized by intact cellmediated
immunity, (+)
Lepromin skin test, and
asymmetric nerve involvement with granulomatous
inflammation
A
Tuberculoid
(paucibacillary)
12
Q
Clinical form of leprosy
characterized by depressed cellmediated
immunity, symmetric
nerve involvement, (-) Lepromin
skin test, and (+) Lepra cells
A
Lepromatous
(multibacillary)
13
Q
Most common extrapulmonary
manifestation of TB
A
Lymphadenitis
(scrofula)
14
Q
Most commonly involved
segment of the intestine in
gastrointestinal TB
A
Ileum
15
Q
Components of Ghon complex
A
Ghon focus +pulmonary
hilar node involvement
16
Q
Anogenital painless lesion in
primary syphilis
A
Chancre
17
Q
Broad-based plaques on skin in
secondary syphilis
A
Condyloma lata
18
Q
Histologic findings of gummas
A
Granuloma with central
coagulative necrosis
and surrounding
plasma cells
19
Q
Causative agent of Lyme disease
A
Borrelia sp.
20
Q
Expanding area of redness with
pale center on tick bite site in
Lyme disease
A
Erythema migrans
21
Q
Most common zoonotic infection
in the world
A
Leptospirosis
22
Q
Triad of Weil disease or icteric
phase of leptospirosis
A
Jaundice, renal failure,
hemorrhage
23
Q
Most consistent pathologic
finding in leptospirosis
A
Capillary vasculitis
24
Most prevalent fungal pathogen
of humans; produces a germ tube
at 37°C
Candida
25
Important cause of CNS infection
in immunocompromised
patients; (+) capsule
Cryptococcus
neoformans
26
Important cause of pneumonia in
AIDS patients; stains with Gomori
Methenamine Silver
Pneumocystis jirovecii
27
Fungi with septate hyphae
branching at acute angles
Aspergillosis
28
Cancer caused by Aspergillus
flavus aflatoxin
Liver cancer
29
Fungi with non-septate hyphae
branching at right angles
Mucor
30
Most virulent malarial parasite;
Most common malarial parasite
in the Philippines
Plasmodium falciparum
31
Benign tertian malaria
Plasmodium vivax and
ovale
32
Quartan malaria
Plasmodium malariae
33
Most common cause of death in
hepatic schistosomiasis
Cirrhosis
34
Leading cause of bacterial
vaginosis
Gardnerella vaginalis
35
Amsel criteria in the diagnosis of
bacterial vaginosis (3 out of 4)
Thin, white
homogenous discharge;
clue cells; vaginal fluid
pH >4.5; (+) Whiff test -
fishy odor upon
addition of 10% KOH
36
Painful genital ulcers
Chancroid, Granuloma
inguinale, Genital
herpes
37
Causative agent of chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi
38
Painless genital ulcer
Chancre,
lymphogranuloma
venereum (LGV)
39
Causative agent of LGV
Chlamydia trachomatis,
L1-L3 strain
40
Purulent discharge, Gram (-)
intracellular diplococci
Gonococcal urethritis
41
Greenish vaginal discharge with
fishy odor, (+) strawberry cervix
Trichomoniasis
42
Most common organ system
affected by air pollution
Respiratory system i.e.
lungs
43
Systemic, colorless and
odorless gas asphyxiant; (+)
cherry red discoloration of
the skin and mucous
membranes
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
44
Percent saturation of CO that
causes death
60-70%
45
Hemoglobin synthesis
enzymes inhibited by lead
ALA dehydratase and
Ferrochelatase
46
Hematologic findings
observed in lead poisoning
Basophilic stippling, ring
sideroblast (iron-laden
mitochondria), microcytic
hypochromic anemia
47
Form of gout caused by lead
poisoning
Saturnine gout
48
Disease caused by in utero
exposure to methylmercury
through ingestion of
contaminated fish
Minamata disease
49
Known as the king of
poisons; Chronic exposure
causes keratosis that may
progress to squamous cell
carcinoma
Arsenic
50
Most prevalent preventable
cause of death in man
Smoking
51
A metabolite of nicotine used
as a measure of passive
smoking exposure
Cotinine
52
Tobacco smoke compounds
that promote carcinogenesis
Tar, Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons,
Benzopyrene, Nitrosamine
53
Most commonly abused
substance
Ethanol
54
Amount of alcohol that is
reported to be protective
against coronary artery
disease
20-30 g/day
55
Ethanol metabolite that
causes cellular injury by lipid
peroxidation and adduct
formation
Acetaldehyde
56
Blood alcohol level that
causes coma and respiratory
arrest
≥ 400 mg/dL
57
Most common thermal injury
Thermal burns
58
Most common causes of
thermal burns
Fire, Scalding (in children)
59
Most common
microorganism causing
sepsis in burn patients
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
60
Mechanism of heat cramps
Electrolyte loss through
sweating
61
Most common hyperthermia
syndrome
Heat exhaustion
62
Hyperthermia, hyperkalemia,
tachycardia, arrhythmia, and
rhabdomyolysis following
exposure to anesthetic agents
Malignant hyperthermia
63
Mutated gene in malignant
hyperthermia
Ryanodine receptor 1
(RYR1) gene
64
Most common form of
current at home that causes
electrical injuries
Alternating current (AC)
65
Main sources of ionizing
radiation
X-rays, gamma rays, highenergy
neutrons, alpha
particles , beta particles
66
Effects of whole-body
ionizing radiation (in
increasing dose)
Lymphocytes→bone
marrow→small
bowel→brain
67
Weight for height ratio that is
3 standard deviations below
the normal range
Severe acute malnutrition
(SAM)
68
Type of SAM occurring due to
caloric deficiency; (+) growth
retardation, wasting,
minimally depleted serum
albumin
Marasmus
69
Type of SAM with profound
hypoalbuminemia (protein >
caloric deficiency, “flaky
paint” skin appearance, “flag
sign” or alternating bands of
pale and darker hair
Kwashiorkor
70
Highest death rate of any
psychiatric disorder; selfinduced
starvation to
promote weight loss
Anorexia nervosa
71
Binge eating followed by
purging such as vomiting and
laxatives or non-purging
techniques like obsessive
exercising and diet pills
Bulimia nervosa
72
Vitamin deficiency associated
with squamous metaplasia in
ocular, respiratory and skin
tissues; (+) night blindness,
xerophthalmia
Vitamin A
73
Dementia, dermatitis,
diarrhea
Pellagra (Niacin/Vitamin
B3 deficiency)
74
Vitamin deficiency that
presents as dry or wet
beriberi; causes Wernicke
and Korsakoff syndrome with
excessive alcohol intake
Vitamin B1 (thiamine
75
Megaloblastic anemia with
neurologic symptoms due to
degeneration of the spinal
cord
Vitamin B12
76
Megaloblastic anemia
without neurologic
symptoms
Vitamin B9
77
Cancers associated with the
increased synthesis of
estrogen in obese individuals
Breast and endometrial
cancers
78
Primary errors of
morphogenesis (Intrinsically
abnormal developmental
process)
Malformation
79
Secondary destruction of a
normally developed
organ e.g. amniotic bands
compressing fetal parts
Disruption
80
Extrinsic disturbance of
development; most common
cause is uterine constraint
Deformation
81
Cascade of anomalies
triggered by one initiating
aberration
Sequence
82
Congenital anomaly
associated with thalidomide
use
Phocomelia
83
Second most common cause
of neonatal morbidity, second
to congenital anomalies
Prematurity
84
Most common cause of
respiratory distress in
newborns
Neonatal respiratory
distress syndrome /
Hyaline membrane disease
85
Fundamental defect in RDS
Pulmonary immaturity and
Surfactant deficiency
(DPPC:
dipalmitoylphosphatidylch
oline)
86
Microscoping finding
expected in RDS (not seen in
stillborn infants)
Hyaline membranes along
alveolar walls: Fibrin +
Necrotic Type 2
pneumocytes
87
Typical imaging finding in
RDS
Ground-glass appearance
of the lungs
88
Diseases associated with
hyperoxic injury
Retinopathy of
prematurity,
bronchopulmonary
dysplasia
89
A premature infant presents
with hematochezia,
abdominal distension, and
hypotension following
aggressive bottle feeding
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
90
Radiographic findings seen in
NEC
Pneumatosis intestinalis
(gas within the intestinal
wall), pneumoperitoneum
(severe cases)
91
Excessive accumulation of
fluid in 2 or more feta;
cavities
Fetal Hydrops
92
Primary mechanism of
immune hydrops in
hemolytic disease of the fetus
and newborn (HDFN)
High-output heart failure
to hemolytic anemia →
Edema
93
Most serious complication of
immune hydrops
Kernicterus (>20 mg/dl)
94
Most common cause of HFDN
ABO incompatibility
95
A newborn presents with
jaundice immediately postdelivery.
The G2P2 mother is
B - while the baby is B +.
What is the most likely
diagnosis?
Rh incompatibility [Setup:
Mother: Rh (-), Fetus: Rh
(+), subsequent pregnancy]
96
Recurrent respiratory
infections, malabsorption,
and increased sweat chloride
levels
Cystic fibrosis
97
Etiology of cystic fibrosis
CFTR gene (Chromosome
7) mutation
98
Most common cause of death
in cystic fibrosis
Cardiorespiratory
complications (persistent
lung infections, obstructive
pulmonary disease, cor
pulmonale)
99
Most common cause of death
between 1 month to 1 year
old in the US
Sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS)
100
Most common tumors of
infancy
Hemangioma
101
Most common teratoma of
childhood
Sacrococcygeal teratomas
102
Most common malignant
pediatric tumor
Leukemia
103
Most common extracranial
solid tumor of childhood;
Most commonly diagnosed
malignancy of infancy
Neuroblastoma
104
Childhood tumor presenting
as an abdominal mass that
crosses the midline; (+)
blueberry muffin skin
discoloration; increased
blood VMA levels
Neuroblastoma
105
Most common site of
neuroblastoma
Adrenal medulla
106
Tumor cells around a central
space filled with neuropil;
seen in neuroblastoma and
medulloblastoma
Homer-Wright
pseudorosettes
107
Most common primary renal
tumor of childhood
Nephroblastoma (Wilms
tumor)
108
Wilms tumor, Aniridia,
Genitourinary anomalies,
Mental retardation
WAGR syndrome (WT1
gene mutation)
109
Wilms tumor, Organomegaly,
macroglossia,
hemihypertrophy,
omphalocele, adrenal
cytomegaly
Beckwidth-Wiedemann
syndrome (WT2)
110
Tumor with a classic
triphasic pattern that
includes blastemal, epithelial,
and stromal components
Wilms Tumor
