infectious diseases (simplified)

Question 1

Sepsis is what two things?

Answer 1

SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome)

and suspected or proven infection

Question 2

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome comprises of what symptoms?

Answer 2

fever or hypothermia

tachycardia

tachypnoea

leucocytosis

Question 3

sepsis can result in multi organ failure:

Answer 3

resp failure

renal failure

neurologic failure

haematological failure

liver failure

Question 4

what is ARDS?

Answer 4

acute respiratory distress syndrome

inflammatory response of the lung

Question 5

what is septic shock?

Answer 5

cardiovascular failure

Question 6

what bacteria are responsible for neonatal sepsis?

Answer 6

group B strep

E.coli

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 7

what bacteria are responsible for sepsis in children?

Answer 7

strep pneumoniae

meningiococcal

Group A strep

Staph Aureus

Question 8

symptoms of paediatric sepsis

Answer 8

colour: pallor, pale
activity: unresponsive
respiratory: tachypnoea

circulation/hydration: tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill time, reduced urine output, poor feeding

other: fever, rigors, limb/joint swelling,
non blanching rash,

Question 9

Supportive ABCD for sepsis

Answer 9

Airway

breathing

circulation

D - dont ever forget glucose

Question 10

how do you treat sepsis?

Answer 10

treat the cause: broad-spectrum antibiotics

3rd generation cephalosporins + amoxicillin if they’re a neonate

Question 11

how do you investigate sepsis?

Answer 11

bloods:
- FBC (leucocytosis)
- CRP (elevated)
- coagulation factors
- blood gas (acidosis)
- LFTs (hepatic dysfunction)
- glucose
- culture

CSF:

• cell count and culture (increased WCC!!!)
• protein and glucose (glucose will be low)

Question 12

causes of paediatric meningitis in neonates

Answer 12

Group B strep

E.coli

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 13

causes of paediatric meningitis in children

Answer 13

Strep pneumonia

meningococci

haemophilus influenzae

Question 14

symptoms of meningitis in children:

Answer 14

• fever
• headache
• photophobia
• nuchal rigidity
• nausea & vomiting
• diminished consciousness
• focal neurological abnormalities
• seizures

Question 15

symptoms of meningitis in neonates:

Answer 15

• fever
• poor feeding
• vomiting
• lethargy
• irritability
• respiratory distress
• apnoea
• bulging fontanelle

Question 16

is strep pneumoniae gram negative or positive?

Answer 16

positive

Question 17

complications of pneumococcal meningitis

Answer 17

brain damage

hearing loss

hydrocephalus

Question 18

haemophilus infuenzae

gram negative or positive?

Answer 18

negative

Question 19

Strep and staph:

gram negative or positive?

Answer 19

gram positive

Question 20

how do you treat streptococci?

Answer 20

penicillin for 10 days

Question 21

how do you treat staphylococci?

Answer 21

flucloxacillin (synthetic penicillin)

Question 22

what is scarlet fever?

Answer 22

Group A strep infection

Question 23

Symptoms of scarlet fever:

group A strep infection

Answer 23

• fever
• malaise
• sore throat (pharyngitis)
• sandpaper rash, ‘strawberry tongue’

Question 24

what are some skin infections/ systemic disease that can be caused by staphylococcus aureus

Answer 24

• cellulitis
• impetigo
• infected eczema
• ulceration
• staph scalded skin syndrome
• toxic shock syndrome

Question 25

Highly contagious

golden sores/ blisters

what is this?

Answer 25

impetigo

Question 26

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

Answer 26

mostly kids under 5

fever, widespread redness, fluid filled blisters

Question 27

what is Kawasaki disease?

Answer 27

self-limiting vasculitis of medium sized arteries

Question 28

symptoms of Kawasaki disease:

Answer 28

fever for 5 days plus:
bilateral conjunctival infection

cracked lips/ strawberry tongue

cervical lymphadenopathy

polymorphous rash

Question 29

how do you treat Kawasaki disease?

Answer 29

immunoglobulins

aspirin

steroids

immunosuppressive agents

Question 30

Varicella zoster virus infections symptoms

varicella, chickenpox, zoster

Answer 30

mild malaise and fever

generally not unwell

itchy

papules, vesicles, pustules, crustae, scarring

Question 31

Varicella treatment

Answer 31

Aciclovir

Question 32

how do you prevent the varicella zoster virus?

Answer 32

vaccine!!

Question 33

Herpes simplex virus - difference between type 1 and 2:

Answer 33

HSV1 is oral

HSV 2 is genital

Question 34

how do you treat herpes?

Answer 34

aciclovir

Question 35

HIV is an example of what?

Answer 35

a secondary immunodeficiency

Question 36

how do you investigate an immunodeficiency?

Answer 36

FBC

immunoglobulins

HIV test

Functional antibodies

lymphocyte subsets

complement