Infectious & Parasitic Diseases

Question 1

What agencies regulate bee medicine?

Answer 1

Mostly USDA, FDA when it comes to VFD

Question 2

Bacteria that causes American Foulbrood

Answer 2

Paenibacillus larvae

Question 3

Recommendation for hives affected by American Foulbrood

Answer 3

Destroy the hive to prevent infecting bees from other colonies if/when they come to scavenge honey

Question 4

What stage of bee does American Fouldbrood affect?

Answer 4

Older sealed larvae/pupils

Question 5

T/F European Foulbrood is more common and less severe than American

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Bacteria causing European Fouldbrood

Answer 6

Melissococcus pluton

Question 7

Bacteria for American or European Foulbrood produces spores?

Answer 7

American - Paenibacillus larvae

Question 8

What stage of bee does European foulbrood affect?

Answer 8

young unsealed larvae

Question 9

What is the only FDA-approved antimicrobial for European Foulbrood?

Answer 9

Oxytetracycline

Question 10

What causes Bee Dysentery?

Answer 10

Nosema spp protozoa (N. apis and N ceranae)

Question 11

What is used to treat Bee Dysentery & what group of animals is it toxic to?

Answer 11

Fumagilin-B; toxic to mammals!

Bonus fact: not included in VFD since not important for human med, so available OTC

Question 12

Honey bee mite species (2)

Answer 12

Varroa destructor

Acarapis woodi (tracheal mite)

Question 13

What causes K-wing appearance in bees?

Answer 13

Tracheal mites - Acarapis woodi

Question 14

Major Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (3)

Answer 14

Cylindorspermospsin, microcystins, nodularins

Question 15

Major Cyanobacterial neurotoxins (3)

Answer 15

anatoxins
guanitoxin (formerly anatoxin-a)
saxitoxin

Question 16

Major Cyanobacterial dermatotoxins (2)

Answer 16

aplysiatoxin
lyngbyatoxin-a

Question 17

Dinoflagellate (eukaryote) - produced toxins (4)

Answer 17

brevetoxins (red tide)
saxitoxins
okadaic acid
ciguatoxin

Question 18

Toxin that causes neurotoxic shelfish poisoning

Bonus: what animal can be a sentinel for this?

Answer 18

Brevetoxins

Bonus: manatees

Question 19

Toxin that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning

Answer 19

Saxitoxins

Question 20

Toxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning

Answer 20

Domoic acid

Question 21

Toxin that causes diarrheic shellfish poisoning

Answer 21

Okadaic acid

Question 22

Diatom-produced toxin (1)

Answer 22

Domoic acid

bonus: can accumulate in anchovies/sardines

Question 23

What is the safe level for HABs in the Safe Drinking Water Act?

Answer 23

trick Q - HABs aren’t in there, levels don’t exist yet!

Question 24

What 3 Agencies collaborate on the National Aquatic Animal Health Plan?

Answer 24

USDA APHIS
NOAA NMFS
USFWS