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Lent term fourth year > Infertility and obstetrics cattle/ruminants > Flashcards

Infertility and obstetrics cattle/ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

What does superfecundation mean

A

Offspring born from more than one sire

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2
Q

What does superfetation mean

A

fetuses developing and born at different stages; doesn’t really happen

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3
Q

What is the biggest cause of no offspring from a mating

A

Early embryonic death

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4
Q

Fetal mummification

A

Often no bacterial contamination
Resorption of fetal fluids

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5
Q

Fetal maceration

A

Fetal death with bacterial contamination so get decay in utero

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6
Q

Emphysematous fetus

A

When there is death at a late stage of gestation; e.g neglected dystocia
-> Decomposition produces gas which causes emphysema of fetal tissues

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7
Q

Which type of hydrops is more common

A

Allantois

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8
Q

Treating hydrops uteri in cattle

A

Depends on value of calf vs cow
- May do elective c section
- May just leave her; but be prepared to assist in parturition due to likely uterine inertia
- Can induce birth; but risk of calf death due to prematurity
- Can drain fluid; but will re-fill + risk of infection

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9
Q

What do we worry about when inducing birth of a calf

A

Won’t have functioning adrenal glands

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10
Q

How do we induce birth at different stages of cattle gestation

A

Up to day 100/150: CL is providing progesterone so can use PGF2alpha
From day 150-270: placenta is providing progesterone so need corticosteroids

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11
Q

Risk factors for vaginal and cervical prolapses

A

Older, multiparous animals: more relaxation of pelvic ligaments
Ruminal distension
Increased intra-abdominal pressure e.g due to straw within rumen
Oestrogens in diet (white clover)
Breed e/g Herefords

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12
Q

Risk of dystocia in bovine parturition

A

3-10%

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13
Q

Parturition stages in cattle and timings of it

A

1) Preparatory stage: 2-6 hours
- Calf rotates to an upright position; uterine contractions begin and amnion is expelled
2) Foetal expulsion: 30 mins to 4 hours
-3) Expulsion of fetal membranes: 2-8 hours

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14
Q

Most common causes of dystocia in cattle

A

Main one = feto-maternal disproportion
Then fetal maldisposition

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15
Q

What does presentation mean in relation to birth position

A

Relationship between longitudinal axis of fetus and birth canal e.g anterior or posterior

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16
Q

What does position mean in relation to birth position

A

Which birth canal surface is fetal spine applied to e.g dorsal or ventral

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17
Q

What does posture mean in relation to birth position

A

Disposition of limbs of the fetus e.g extended or flexed

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18
Q

Which drugs might be given during a dystocia case

A

Xylazine for sedation
Clenbuterol to reduce myometrial contraction strength (NB: will counteract the increased contractions caused by xylazine)
Denaverine: antispasmodic; promotes dilation of birth canal

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19
Q

When would we NOT use denaverine (anti-spasmodic) in dystocia

A

With mechanical obstruction of birth canal e.g oversized fetus, uterine torsion, fetal maldisposition

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20
Q

How to distinguish fore and hindlimbs when palpating fetus

A

Forelimb fetlock and carpus bend in the same direction
Hindlimb joints bend in opposite directions to each other

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21
Q

What additional signs of fetal life can we look at in a posterior presenting calf

A

Anal reflex, umbilical artery pulse

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22
Q

what do we describe as the maxmum pull that should be applied to a fetus during traction

A

Well coordinated pull of 4 average people

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23
Q

What is the most common MATERNAL cause of dystocia

A

Uterine inertia
Due to hypocalcaemia/magnesaemia; overstretching of myometrium e.g in hydrops, fatty infiltration of uterus, hormones

OR may be SECONDARY e.g to exhaustion

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24
Q

In what breed is normal delivery not usually possible due to inadequate size of birth canal

A

Belgian blue

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25
Q

Why might we see incomplete dilation of cervix in cattle (NB rare)

A

Most likely hormonal issues; or hypocalcaemia
May relate to fibrosis of the cervix

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26
Q

What is associated with incomplete relaxation of vagina and vulva

A

Dairy heifers
Over fat body condition
Or interruption during parturition

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27
Q

What direction does uterine torsion more commonly go in

A

Anticlockwise
Usually 90-180 degrees

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28
Q

When can’t we correct uterine torsion per vaginum

A

If anterior to vagina
Or >270 degree torsion

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29
Q

What is an episiotomy

A

Making a cut to increase diameter of vulval opening
Should be done dorso-laterally at 11 or 1 o’clock

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30
Q

Options to deal with feto-maternal disproportion

A

> Supplementing contractions with traction
Episiotomy to increase vulval opening diameter
C section
Fetotomy to reduce volume

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31
Q

How soon do we want a calf out within traction being applied

A

10 mins

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32
Q

At what point in posterior delivery must we avoid any delays because calf compromised

A

Once umbilical cord trapped; i.e after tail head and anus is out

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33
Q

What is ‘true breech’ presentation

A

Hip flexion; to correct should retropulse then push limb into hock flexion and then straighten this

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34
Q

What is the normal position for birth

A

Dorso-sacral i.e fetal spine upwards towards maternal pelvis

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35
Q

What does dorso-pubic position mean

A

Fetal spine is down towards pelvis i.e upside down fetus

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36
Q

What does dorso-iliac position mean

A

Fetus lying on side

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37
Q

How can we use pressing eyeballs in calves to correct faulty position

A

Triggers a convulsive reflex

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38
Q

How many cuts does a complete fetotomy usually require

A

4-6

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39
Q

Difference between a subcut and percutaenous fetotomy

A

Subcut is within skin; can be used to remove forelimb in anterior presentation; incise skin a little and break down muscle

Percutaneous = making full cuts through body

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40
Q

What is the most common reason for fetotomy

A

HIp lock

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41
Q

post-fetotomy management of a cow

A

Uterine flushing
Oxytocin to aid involution
NSAIDs and antibiotics
Fluids

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42
Q

What is prognosis of a c section most related to

A

Duration dystocia has been left

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43
Q

What is the preferred surgical site for cow c section

A

Left flank standing laparotomy

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44
Q

What is a complication with giving xylazine for sedation during c section

A

Increases the intensity of uterine contractions
+ can reach calf and cause sedation; reduces fetal cardiovascular function

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45
Q

What is a side effect of clenbuterol (for myometrial relaxation)

A

Delays uterine involution

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46
Q

Options for cow c section anaesthesia

A

Line block; over incision site BUT delays healing
Inverted L block; above and to side of of incision - won;t affect healing
Paravertebral block
Can do epidural

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47
Q

What limb will we palpate during c section depending on presentation

A

If anterior; will feel hindlimb
If posterior; will feel forelimb

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48
Q

How to repair a uterine incision; abdomen and skin

A

Continuous layer of inversion sutures for uterus
Continuous sutures for muscle
Non-absorbaby ford-interlocking or horizontal mattress for skin

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49
Q

When might we choose a right flank incision for C section

A

Lots of previous C sections so much scar tissue
L side not accessible
Fetus in right horn

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50
Q

When might we choose a ventral/midline incision for C section

A

If calf dead/emphysematous to avoid fluid spilling into the cow
- Must sedate cow and cast in lateral recumbency

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51
Q

MOst common causes of dystocia in EWEs

A

Most common = fetal maldisposition
Then obstruction of birth canal
MUCH MORE RARE to have it due to disproportion

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52
Q

Considerations when approaching dystocia in the ewe vs cow

A

Uterus more friable so take care
+ More risk of infection so must be more hygienic

Tissue breaks down easier so easier to do a subcut fetotomy compared with cow

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53
Q

What position do we normally do a c section in a sheep

A

Lateral recumbency

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54
Q

Treating acidosis in neonatal calves

A

Inject 50ml of sodium bicarbonate

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55
Q

Incidence/consequences of retained fetal membranes in cows vs sheep

A

More common in cows
BUT worse consequences in sheep

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56
Q

How common is RFM incidence in cows

A

8-12%

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57
Q

Risk factors for RFM

A

NB: management factors involved because separation process starts weeks pre-partum

  • Age, dystocia, multiple births, inductino
  • infection-related abortion
  • Deficiencies in cit A, E, selenium, Ca2+, Cu2+, iodine
  • High body condition; fatty liver syndrome
  • Hormones; lack of PGF2a, low progesterone, hgih oestradiol
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58
Q

What treatments can help with RFM

A

Avoid manual removal esp on septicaemic animals

Antibiotics; only if systemically ill + only parenteral

Hormones: PGF2a if low in this; oxytocin if in first 24hours post-partum

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59
Q

Contributing factors to uterine prolapse

A

Poor uterine tone
Oversized fetus
Prolonged dystosia
Increased intra-abdominal pressure
High oestrogens in diet
Too high BCS

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60
Q

What is the New Zealand method for correcting uterine prolapse

A

Pull back legs all the way back; then sit between legs and correct

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61
Q

In what breeds do we sometimes see congenital ovarian hypoplasia

A

Swedish Highlands
White ayrshire

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62
Q

At what age should cows be cycling

A

By 12 months old; but may be later if underfed

63
Q

What is white heifer disease

A

form of segmental aplasia due to sex linked recessive disease
- Get occlusion of the genital tract due to incomplete canalisation or septae presence

64
Q

What are freemartins

A

Females which have been exposed to testosterone in utero due to male twin (NB: male may have died in utero)
- Get absence of normal repro tract, masculinisation of calves e.g prominent clitoris; short vagina; testes present
> Diagnose definitively via blood test

90% of females with male twin affected

65
Q

What are ovario-bursal adhesions

A

Fibrous tissue that sticks ovaries to ovarian bursa; impacts ovulation
Usually on R side

66
Q

What is hydrosalpinx

A

Where there is blockage of ovarian tubes which then fill with secretion; tubes will become palpable

67
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian tumour

A

Granulosa cell tumour; usually oes producing so get nymphomaniac behaviour

68
Q

effect of fibropapillomas in uterus and cervix on fertility etc

A

No effect on fertility
BUT can interfere with parturition

69
Q

Which type of cows are often 3 wave rather than 2 wave

A

Beef cows
Dairy heifers

70
Q

How does maternal recognition of pregnancy in the cow work

A

Fetal trophoblasts secrete IFN-tau from day 14; this blocks oxytocin receptors on the uterus so they don’t respond to oxytocin
–> Don’t release of prostaglandins

71
Q

What is anovulatory anoestrus

A

No ovulation
see small flattened ovaries, no CLs, no uterine tone, little vaginal mucus
Follicles are <8mm

72
Q

What is the minimum size follicle for ovulation in a cow

A

8mm

73
Q

What can we tell about where the problem is in follicular development based on follicle size

A

If all <4mm: likely from emergence to selection i.e FSH issue (severe malnutrition)
If 4-8mm: issue from selection to dominance; GnRH issue
If some >8mm: issue is with ovulation i.e LH surge

74
Q

In anovulatory anoestrus; what size follicles can we use GnRH on to cause ovulation/leutinsation or atresia

A

> 4mm
If less than this = a DEEPER ANOESTRUS so this is less likely to work

75
Q

What do we use to treat deep anoestrus in cattle

A

Progesterone vaginal implant; should get resumption or normal cyclical activity once removed

76
Q

Why do we use eCG in treating anoestrus in cattle

A

Has FSH-like activity

77
Q

Difference between follicular and luteal cysts

A

Follicular cysts are thin walled
Luteal cysts are thicker walled (>2mm) with luteal tissue

78
Q

Why might early CLs be misdiagnosed as luteal cysts

A

They have a fluid centre at the start (trapped during formation) BUT this will be gone by the time of normal PD diagnosis

79
Q

Why do we get cystic ovarian disease

A

Lack of LH surge so follicles continue to grow without ovulating

80
Q

Approach to treating follicular vs luteal cysts

A

Follicular: can give GnRH to cause LH surge; hCG/LH; progesterone to re-establish hypothalamic action

Luteal cysts: progesterone; PGF2alpha for luteolysis

81
Q

What are possible causes of lack of oestrus but CL present

A

MOST LIKELY = JUST MISSING OESTRUS SIGNS
- Persistent CLs
- Subclinical endometriosis; can cause failure of uterus to release PGF2alpha

To treat can use PGF2alpha to get rid of CL

82
Q

How could we deal with delayed ovulation causing inappropriate insemination timing

A

Give GnRH at service to induce ovulation

83
Q

What is the main cause of repeat breeders

A

Ovum not reaching sperm e.g due to ovarian bursal adhesions

84
Q

How could we deal with poor quality CLs in high yielding dairy cows

A

Give GnRH at service and/or 11 days later to cause development and leutinisation of other follicles

85
Q

What can cause short cycles

A

Cystic ovarian disease

86
Q

At what % mature weight/age should we serve heifers

A

60% mature weight
Usually about 15 months old

87
Q

How can negative energy balance affect fertility

A

Reduced LH pulse freq
Reduce insulin
Reduced oestradiol from follicles
Deleterious effects of BHBs and NEFAs

88
Q

Why should we avoid excess rumen degradable protein in relation to fertility

A

Ammonia and urea have negative effects on oocytes and embryos
+ can exacerbate -ve energy balance because uses energy to make this safe

89
Q

timing of ovulation in relation to oestrus

A

Ovulation 12-18 hours after the end of oestrus
- Follow AM/PM rule

90
Q

Which opportunistic bacteria causes non-specific infections of genital tract

A

Staph, strep, trueperella, E coli, other anaeroes (fusobacterium, clostridia, bacteroides)

91
Q

Under which hormone dominance is the immune system weaker

A

Progesterone
(to avoid new conceptus being seen as foreign)

92
Q

What is metritis

A

ACute-peracute inflammation of endometrium/myometrium after calving
> may be subclinical or be more peracute with toxaemia

93
Q

Why might we avoid doing uterine irrigation in acute metritis cases

A

Uterus is friable so risk of rupture

94
Q

how do we grade endometritis

A

Baseon on what the secretion looks like
From 0-2; 0 = normal, 2= 50% pus/mucus

95
Q

How do we treat endometritis

A

With inter-uterine antibiotic e.g cephalosporin via catheter (no milk withdrawal)

+ may do hormonal treatments:
- PGF2alpha: for luteolysis of persistent CL
- GnRH for early resumption of cyclicity
Oestrogens: to increase natural defences of endometrium BUT not allowed in food producing animals

96
Q

Why do we get pyometra and how do we treat

A

Because cervix remains closed; usually due to CL or luteal cyst
- So can use prostaglandin to lyse the CL

97
Q

Which bacteria cause specific infections of genital tract; i.e without predisposing causes

A

Brucellosis, leptospirosis, salmonella, bacillus, listeria

98
Q

Characteristics of brucellosis abortion

A

From 5 months +
= notifiable (causes undulant fever in man)
Infection is via ingestion of organism from recent abortion

99
Q

What is the most common (ly diagnosed) cause of abortion in cattle

A

Neospora caninum

100
Q

Characteristics of neospora abortion

A

4-6 months
Autolysed fetus

101
Q

What is the most important route of transmission of neospora caninum in cattle

A

Vertical transmission

102
Q

Diagnosing neospora as cause of abortion in cattle

A

+ve serology result NOT diagnostic
BUT -ve result does rule it out

103
Q

Consequences of leptospira infection or shedding in pregnancy

A

Early embryonic death (infertility)
Abortion; late gestation
premate/weak calves
See sudden milk drop in mother
- NB: usually no symptoms if not pregnant

104
Q

Which organ might leptospira isolate into and start shedding from

A

Kidneys

105
Q

Which species of campylobacter causes abortion in cattle

A

C fetus subspecies fetus; more so abortion

C fetus subspecies venerealis; more so infertility

106
Q

How does campylobacter impact fertility

A

= venereally transmitted disease where bull is carrier
Embryonic death and infertility; but can also get later abortion

107
Q

Endemic campylobacter situation

A

Just subfertility because cow gets immunity
- Newly introduced animals become the ones to succumb

108
Q

How can we diagnose a campylobacter abortion

A

Getting typical organisms from the stomach of fetus

109
Q

Which strain of salmonella is most responsible for abortions

A

S Dublin
- May have accompanying dysentery OR no clinical signs

110
Q

Which bacillus species causes abortion and at what stage

A

B licheniformis
Usually late stage 5-7 months

Source = poor silage

111
Q

Characteristics of a listeria abortion

A

From poorly fermented silage
Fetus AUTOLYSED

112
Q

What does serology for BVD tell us about

A

EXPOSURE only; but good for herd monitoring

113
Q

BVD-1 impacts on reproduction

A

Abortion rare
Can cause infertility via embryonic death
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis; must stop natural service

114
Q

how is Schmallenberg virus spread

A

Via culicoides midges
+ transplacentally from viraemic dam to fetus

115
Q

Characteristics and causative agents of mycotic abortions

A

LATE TERM (7-8 months)
e.g Aspergillus, absidia, rhizpus, mucor

Diagnosis via fungal hyphae in fetal stomach or placent

116
Q

Definition of an abortion in cattle

A

Expulsion of fetus from 150-270 days gestation

117
Q

Why must we report all bovine abortions to DEFRA

A

Brucellosis eradication legislation

118
Q

What samples should we send for investigationof abortion

A

IDeally whole fetus + fetal membranes

119
Q

Is it easier to get heifers or cows pregnant

A

Heifers; because not also lactating + don’t have age-related issues

120
Q

How long after parturition do farmers get dairy cow pregnant (not aiming for 365 day interval)

A

~ 6 months

121
Q

At what point should cows have full uterine involtuion after birth

A

21 days

122
Q

By which day post-partum should cows have had first oestrus

A

45 days; this is ‘voluntary wait period’ for farmers

123
Q

What is calving index and how good is it as a measure of herd fertility

A

Interval between services; target is 365 days BUT takes a long time and is biased towards successful cows (i.e those not culled)

124
Q

What does 24 days submission rate mean

A

% cows served within 24 day period of the START of the breeding period (after voluntary 45 day wait period)

125
Q

What should the inter-service interval be

A

18-24 days; this is the normal length of an oestrus cycle
- IF longer means there was a pregnancy and early embryonic death
- If shorter cow is ‘short-cycling’; may be cystic

126
Q

What progesterone levels do we expect in a cow in oestrus

A

Very low

127
Q

What body condition do we want cows at service, calving and mid-lactation

A

Service = 2-2.5
Calving = 3-3.5
Mid-lactatino = 2.5-3

128
Q

Metabolic profiles of cows; what can we use to monitor different things

A

BHB = for -ve energy balance
NEFA = for fat mobilisation
Urea = for daily protein intake
Albumin = for long term protein status
Globulins = for inflammation

129
Q

What does low protein in milk yield or low overall yield suggest about diet

A

Energy deficit

130
Q

What does low milk fat suggest about diet

A

Deficient in fibre

131
Q

(no detail) options for synchronising cows

A

Prostaglandins
Progesterone; implant then remova;

132
Q

How can prostaglandins be used to synchronise cows

A

Causes luteolysis and return to oestrus in 2-5 fays
> Brings lots of cows into heat at same time so will mount each other etc for detection
BUT won’t all ovulate at same time so not good for fixed time AI

133
Q

How can we use progesterone to synchronise cows

A

Leave impant in for 12 days; then when removing it mimics CL regression SO get oestrus in 2 days
(if leaving P in for less time then will need to use a luteolytic upon removal)

134
Q

How can GnRH be useful in issues with ovulation etc

A

As a luteotrophin or to induce ovulation
> If delayed ovulation an issue, inject at service for ovulation at predicted time
> If luteal insufficiency an issue, inject at 11 days post service to stimulate the development of accessory CLs

135
Q

How can gonadotrophins be used in cycle manipulation and which ones

A

hCG has more LH-like activity; to treat follicular cysts or induce ovulation
eCG has more FSH-like activity; to induce ovulation (e.g in instances where progesterone has been used to advance the breeding season)

136
Q

5 main categories of causes of infertility in the male

A

1) Deficient libido
2) INability to mount
3) INability to achieve intromission
4) Inability to fertility
5) Venereal disease transmission

137
Q

What venereal disease are we worred about bulls passing to cows

A

Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis

138
Q

What age is puberty usually in bulls

A

9-10 months

139
Q

How might we treat bulls with deficient libido

A

Hormone therapy e.g hCG every 3 weeks for LH like activity (LH supports Leydig cells to make testosterone)

140
Q

How are LH and FSH involved in male fertility

A

LH: supports leydig cells to make testosterone
FSH: supports sertoli cells to do spermatogensis

141
Q

What penile neoplasia is common

A

Warts caused by papilloma viruses

142
Q

What is phimosis

A

Inability to extrude penis through prepuce

143
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Inability to withdraw penis back into prepuce

144
Q

What is a persistent frenulum in bulls

A

An adhesion from tip of penis to shaft; should have broken down at puberty
- (can be result of early castration)
Simple to correct

145
Q

What ligament insuffiency causes spiral deviation of the penis

A

Dorsal apical ligament (holds penis straight)
- Can fix this ligament to the tunica albuginea to fix

146
Q

Primary, secondary and tertiary sperm defects

A

Primary = at time of production
secondary = following exposure to infection or noxious agents in transit
Tertiary = during processing for AI e.g bent tails = cold shock

147
Q

Difference between conpensable and non-compensable sperm detects

A

Compensable: can still get fertilisation by using different AI technique to reach eggs e.g bent tails
Non-compensable; e.g acrosome defects; won’t get fertilisation

148
Q

What infections cause orchiditis

A

B abortus, T pyogenes, M bovis + some non-specific opportunists

149
Q

What causes testicular degeneration

A

Toxic damage
Viral infection e.g BHV-1
Physical damage
Autoimmunity
Deviation in normal temp
Gonadotrophin insufficiency

-> See previous good fertility then decrease

150
Q

What scrotal circumference should a bull have

A

> 34cm

151
Q

Caution with interpreting electro-ejaculation sample

A

Not true ejaculate
More watery; but good for looking at sperm morphology

152
Q

What sperm density do we expect in ruminants

A

1,000 million/ml

153
Q

What are the cut offs for sperm morphology

A

> 70% should be normal
with <20% of any single abnormality

+ 75% should be live

Lent term fourth year (38 decks)

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