Inflammation

Question 1

What cells are particularly involved in chronic inflammation

Answer 1

macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 2

What cells are particularly involved in acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Neutrophil polymorphs

Question 3

Polymorph means

Answer 3

Nucleus has many lobes

Question 4

Are neutrophil polymorphs long or short lived cells?

Answer 4

Short lived

Question 5

What’s the role of cytoplasmic granules in neutrophil polymorphs?

Answer 5

Contains enzymes that kill bacteria. also release chemicals that attract macrophages. (Can be mediated by antigen tails.)

Question 6

Are macrophages long or short lived cells?

Answer 6

Long lived (week to months)

Question 7

What do macrophages do?

Answer 7

Ingest bacteria and debris, may carry it away. Latch onto antibodies. May present antigen to lymphocytes for longer-term immunity

Question 8

Name examples of macrophages

Answer 8

Kupffer cells, microglia, osteoclasts

Question 9

Are lymphocytes long or short lived?

Answer 9

Long lived

Question 10

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 10

Produce chemicals to attract other inflammatory cells. Responsible for long-term immunity.

Question 11

What are the specialised lymphocytes that make antibodies?

Answer 11

Plasma cell (B-cell antibody-producing)

Question 12

Why do endothelial cells become porous?

Answer 12

To allow inflammatory cells into damaged tissues

Question 13

What allows capillary beds to be full (have blood flowing in them)

Answer 13

Pre-capillary sphincters

Question 14

Do precapillary sphincters open or close at site of inflammation?

Answer 14

Open

Question 15

In acute inflammation, net loss of fluid together with p____ p____ molecules into the extra cellular space, resulting in oedema

Answer 15

plasma protein

Question 16

Are fibroblasts long or short lived cells?

Answer 16

Long lived

Question 17

What do fibroblasts do?

Answer 17

Later stage of inflammation. Produce collagen in areas of chronic inflammation to repair.

Question 18

Example of chronic inflammation

Answer 18

Tuberculosis

Question 19

TB bacteria have waxy coating so aren’t detected by n_____

Answer 19

neutrophils

Question 20

In TB, many l_____ appear

Answer 20

lymphocytes

Question 21

Granulomas

Answer 21

Aggregation of epithelioid histiocytes (collection of macrophages, surrounded by lymphocytes, seen in TB)

Question 22

Why does ice help decrease acute inflammation?

Answer 22

Pre-capillary sphincter closes, less fluid into surrounding tissue. Can be useful when non-bacterial inflammation, reduce prospect of scarring.

Question 23

A_____-______ may help with insect bites because h____ is a chemical mediator of acute inflammation

Answer 23

anti-histamine, histamine

Question 24

Common tablets taken to reduce inflammation

Answer 24

Aspirin, ibuprofen

Question 25

How do inflammation tablets work?

Answer 25

Inhibit prostaglandin synthetase (Prostaglandins are chemical mediator of inflammation)

Question 26

How do corticosteroids help inflammation (eg skin rash)

Answer 26

Bind to DNA up regulate inhibitors of inflammation

Question 27

Would you use steroid cream on impertigo?

Answer 27

No - caused by bacteria so need natural response