Inflammation and Healing

Question 1

1st line of defence

Answer 1

• nonspecific
• mechanical barrier

Question 2

2nd line of defence

Answer 2

• nonspecific
• phagocytosis
• inflammation

Question 3

3rd line of defence

Answer 3

• specific defence
  antibodies and cell mediated

Question 4

inflammation

Answer 4

a protective defense mechanism

Question 5

Causes of inflammation

Answer 5

• direct physical damage
• caustic chemicals
• ischemia or infraction
• allergic reations
• extremes of heat or cold
• foreign bodies
• infection

Question 6

steps in the inflammatory process

Answer 6

1. triggering event
2. action of immune cells
3. release of inflammatory mediators
   4a. mast cells and basophils release histamine
   a. capillary dilation
   i. increased capillary permeability and increased blood flow
   4b. bradykinins is released
   a. pain receptors activated

Question 7

Systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 7

• mild fever
• malaise
• fatigue
• headache
• anorexia

Question 8

inflammatory serum labs

Answer 8

• erythrocyte sedimentation rate
• C-reactive protein
• white blood cells
  -leukocytosis
  -differential

Question 9

potential complications

Answer 9

1. infection
   -microorganisms can more easily penetrate edematous tissues
   -some microbes resist phagocytosis
   -exudate feeds microorganisms
2. skeletal muscle spasm
   -may be initiated by inflammation
   -protective response to pain
3. deep unlcers

Question 10

drugs that treat inflammation

Answer 10

• acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) - aspirin
• acetaminophen - tylenol
• nonsteroidal antiiflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - ibuprofen
• glucocorticoids - corticosteroids

Question 11

“RICE” therapy

Answer 11

R - rest
I - ice
C - compression
E - elevation

Question 12

Healing process

Answer 12

1. hemostasis
2. inflammation
3. proliferation
   -angiogenesis, granulation, epithelialization, contraction
4. maturation
   -regeneration, resolution, scar

Question 13

Resolution

Answer 13

minimal tissue damage

Question 14

Regeneration

Answer 14

damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional

Question 15

Replacement

Answer 15

-functional tissue replaced by scar tissue
-loss of function

Question 16

Primary intention

Answer 16

1. injury and inflammation
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. small scar remains

Question 17

Secondary intention

Answer 17

1. injury and inflammation
2. granulation tissue and epithelia growth
3. large scar remains

Question 18

scar formation

Answer 18

• loss of function
• contractures and obstructions
• adhesions
• hypertrophic scar tissue
• ulceration

Question 19

causes of burns

Answer 19

• thermal - caused by flames or hot fluids
• chemicals
• radiation
• electricity
• light
• friction

Question 20

first degree burn

Answer 20

superficial partial-thickness

Question 21

second degree burns

Answer 21

deep partial-thickness

Question 22

third and fourth degree burns

Answer 22

full-thickness

Question 23

effects of burn injuries

Answer 23

• local and systemic
• dehydration and edema
• shock
• respiratory problems
• pain
• infection
• Hypermetabolism

Question 24

healing burns

Answer 24

• hypermetabolism
• immediate covering of a clean wound
• healing is prolonged
• scar tissue develops
• physiotherapy and occupational therapy
• surgery