Inflammation and healing

Question 1

How does a strep equi illicit an immune response?

Answer 1

Able to illicit a virus response through APC’s causing MHC class II mechanims to activate. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/281/304/a_image_thumb.png?1450543337

Question 2

Can you describe the overall process of an acute inflammatory response involving all the leukocytes and cells?

Answer 2

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/337/590/a_image_thumb.png?1450623701

Question 3

Can you show how to distinguish between neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and macrophages?

Answer 3

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/337/010/a_image_thumb.png?1450622490

Question 4

How can we test for strep equi?

Answer 4

qPCR test which will determine whether the horse is a carrier of the disease.

iELISA which is a serology test.

Question 5

Describe the process of neutrophil emigration?

Answer 5

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/337/421/a_image_thumb.png?1450623278

Question 6

What are the vaccines for strep equi?

Answer 6

Equilis strep E- MSD/ a live attenuated vaccine intra lip admin. Cannot use alongside other vaccines not good for young horses

Pinnacle IN- Liver atten. Based on old strain not for new developing diseases.

Equivac 2 in 1- Highly immunogenic can easily conceive the disease.

Strangvac- best one multi virulent so especially good for bacteriophage.

Question 7

How do you test for strangles?

Answer 7

Bacteria culture test. Which can also distinguish between s. zooepidemicus. Usually sugar fermentation.

Question 8

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 8

They are present in almost all tissues, most numerous tissue exposed to the environment. Immature DCs take up the antigen and migrate to lymphoid organs to mature.

Question 9

What is strangles caused by?

Answer 9

Streptococcus equi

Question 10

How is strangles so successful and where does it “hide”?

Answer 10

Strep. equi hides in the right pharyngeal lymph node in the guttural pouch and can successfully be picked up by the nasal passage or saliva as seen in the picture: https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/279/947/a_image_thumb.png?1450542900

Question 11

What happens during phase 1 of wound healing?

Answer 11

Phase 1: Inflammation: There is clot formation which has immediate vasospasm, with platelet aggregation and release of vasoactive substances.

Inflammation part releases neutrophils, then predominantly macrophages and finally lymphocytes. Secretion of chemotactic growth factors also occurs

Question 12

What are the different T cell subsets and the process from there?

Answer 12

TH1- Response to foreign body. APCs release IL-12. These commit CD4+ lymphocytes to the TH1 pathway. IL-2 increases proliferation of lymphocytes. IL-2+IFN(y) ilicit cytotoxic T cells response.

TH2- Allergic response. TH2 dendritic cells present antigen to TH cells, commiting TH cells to the TH2 pathway. TH2 release many interleukins. B lymphocytes produce anitbody response.

TH17- Induced by IL-23. Induces secretion of IL-17a. Involved in development of autoimmune responses. Predominantly on mucosal surface. Causes activation of neutrophils and other microbes.

Question 13

What are the role of B lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?

Answer 13

The role of B lymphocytes is to be an antigen presenting cell. Differentiation into plasma cells. Plasma cells form in the lymph node mucosal surface etc. Resident plasma cells in bone marrow.

Question 14

What are the main characteristics of acute inflammation?

Answer 14

Exudation of electrolytes, fluid, plasma,

Emigration of leukocytes ( from microvasculature)

Question 15

Describe how macrophages are formed and there terms in the blood and other places etc?

Answer 15

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/338/192/a_image_thumb.png?1450624818

Question 16

What are the effector cells in chronic inflammation?

Answer 16

Dendritic Cells

Lymphocytes

T cells

B cells

Plasma Cells

Macrophages

Question 17

What are the two different types of macrophages and how can they expressively be turned on?

Answer 17

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/338/230/a_image_thumb.png?1450626269

Question 18

Can you show all the inflammatory process cells?

Answer 18

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/281/678/a_image_thumb.png?1450546274

Question 19

What are the subtypes of chronic inflammation?

Answer 19

1. Lymphoplasmacytic
2. Granulomatous
   a) Nodular
   b) Diffuse
   c) Eosinophilic
3. Pyogranulomatous

Question 20

What are the hallmarks of inflammation under a microscope?

Answer 20

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/337/608/a_image_thumb.png?1450623758

Question 21

What do mast cells do, what are they?

Answer 21

They are distrubuted through the connective tissue, near small blood and lymphatic vessels of skin and mucous membranes. Interact with dendritic cells and release mediators that activate endothelial cells.

Key features of mast cells is the granules due to histamine- eosinophilic.

Question 22

What are the 5 mechanisms leading to chronic inflammation?

Answer 22

1. Persistance/Resistance
2. Isolation
3. Unresponsiveness
4. Immune-mediated
5. Leukocyte defects
6. Unidentified

Question 23

What are granulomas and how are they formed?

Answer 23

They are caused and formed by necrotic centres. As a result H accumulation in response to pathogen. This is heterophilic. Histiocytic has remnants of macrophage aggregates which are stimulated by intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria.

Question 24

What do avian and exotic species have in the blood that differentiates them to everyone else?

Answer 24

They have a nucleus in the red blood cells

Question 25

What is a multinucleate giant cell? (MNGC)

Answer 25

It is formed by the fusion of multiple macrophages and can be activated by stimulated cytokines, IL-3,4, IFN (y)

Question 26

What are neutrophils, when does their role play a part?

Answer 26

Neutrophils are the first types of leukocytes to be recruited in inflammatory exudate. Their function is to kill microbe- phagocytosis and kill tumour cells. They can also eliminate foreign material. And the infiltrate areas of necrosis.

Question 27

What can chronic strep equi cause?

Answer 27

Can form chondroids which are pus like material that can be described of a texture similar to cottage cheese. It is from accumulation of purulent material in the guttural pouch. These can be visible in carriers of strep equi.

Question 28

How does strep. equi cause a infect a host, is it a virus or a bacteria?

Answer 28

Bacteriophage waits until a POP and releases the virus inside. Essentially it is a bacteria with a host virus inside. The "bacteria" can they use reverse transcriptase to replicate inside the cell causing phage proliferation.

Question 29

How does the repair process actually work?

Answer 29

Granulation tissue is progressively replaced by fibrous tissue decrease in leukocytes, oedma, vascularity etc. increase in spindle shaped fibroblasts, dense collagen etc. Fibroblasts proliferate due to TGF-b Collagen synthesis due to TNF, IL-1, IL-4 etc.

Question 30

What are eosinophils?

Answer 30

Eosinophils are recruited in an allergic response. They are slightly larger than neutrophils. And contain specific granules. They are major basic protein.

Question 31

What is wound contraction and the technical term?

Answer 31

Scirrhous reaction= contraction of the connective tissues with tension on surrounding tissues. Myofibroblasts- contractile fibroblasts formed from tissue fibroblasts or fibrocytes production mediated TGF-b continous contractions produce large amounts of ECM

Question 32

What is captive stress?

Answer 32

This is chronic stress which has been induced by a low grade state of inflammation. It is a mixture of neuro-endocrine and sympathetic stress that overall adds to the inflammatory process.

Question 33

Describe three things in an inflammed capillary bed?

Answer 33

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/337/294/a\_image\_thumb.png?1450622962

Question 34

How do you manage a farm with strep equi?

Answer 34

Outbreak management can occur with the horses splitting them into three main groups, no contact, clinical signs and in contact with the clinical signs group. This will allow the horses with contact to develop the disease to a stage where it is diagnosable. Quarantine and screen for new horses coming in.

Question 35

What is acute inflammation?

Answer 35

It is a vasoconcentric response to a progressive reaction of vascularized tissue to injury over time. Usually a short duration lasting hours to days.

Question 36

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 36

They enter the site of inflammation 24-48 hours after initial site of lesion. Divided into T cells cell mediated or B cells humoral immunity. To distinguish use immunohistochemistry.

Question 37

Can you show how the body repairs after chronic inflammation or acute inflammation?

Answer 37

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Question 38

What are NK cells?

Answer 38

NK cells enter the lesion hours after initiation. They kill target cells through release of perforin granules. There are two types of NK cells.

Question 39

What happens during phase 2 of wound healing?

Answer 39

Phase 2: Proliferation: Bridging of surface defects by epithelium. Degradation of surface matrix. Proliferation of new blood vessels. Remodelling of extracellular matrix. Fibrin, fibronectin etc.

Question 40

What are the different stages in wound healing, 3 main phases?

Answer 40

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Question 41

How does fibrosis occur?

Answer 41

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Question 42

What happens during phase 3 of wound healing?

Answer 42

Connective tissue remodelling. Degradation of collagen and ECM by collagenases. Replacement of type III with type 1 collagen wound contraction. Area of damage is replaced by mature fibrous tissue with abundant collagen.

Question 43

How can the body heal? Three main (steps)?

Answer 43

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