Inflammation and the Healing Process

Question 1

macrotrauma

Answer 1

large injury that results in failure of musculoskeletal structures

Question 2

microtrauma

Answer 2

overuse, cyclic loading, friction injuries. Small stresses that cause injury over time.

Question 3

immediate swelling is due to what physiological process?

Answer 3

hemorrhaging

Question 4

edema

Answer 4

a collection of fluid in interstitial space

Question 5

swelling over time is due to what physiological process?

Answer 5

edema

Question 6

secondary injury

Answer 6

healthy cells that were not damaged during the initial injury are now damaged and/or dying

Question 7

inflammation

Answer 7

a coordinated, complex, and dynamic series of events that develops as a result of trauma or injury to VASCULAR tissue

Question 8

what is the purpose of inflammation?

Answer 8

promotes the tissues ability to heal

Question 9

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 9

heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function

Question 10

increased vascularity causes what cardinal sign(s) of inflammation?

Answer 10

heat and redness

Question 11

blockage of lymphatic drainage causes what cardinal sign(s) of inflammation

Answer 11

swelling

Question 12

physical pressure and/or irritation causes what cardinal sign(s) of inflammation

Answer 12

pain

Question 13

pain and swelling causes what cardinal sign(s) of inflammation

Answer 13

loss of function

Question 14

time period for hemostasis phase?

Answer 14

immediate sec/min

Question 15

time period for inflammatory phase

Answer 15

1-6 days

Question 16

another 2 names for the inflammatory phase of tissue repair?

Answer 16

acute stage/ protective phase

Question 17

time period for the proliferation phase?

Answer 17

3-20 days

Question 18

another 2 names for the proliferation phase

Answer 18

subacute stage/controlled motion phase

Question 19

time period for maturation phase

Answer 19

9 days +

Question 20

another 2 names for the maturation phase

Answer 20

chronic stage/return to function phase

Question 21

why do the proliferation and maturation phase time periods overlap?

Answer 21

different tissues heal at different rates. for example, a tendon could be in the proliferation phase whereas the skin could be in the maturation phase

Question 22

what occurs in the hemostasis phase (3 things)

Answer 22

stops the leak, vasoconstriction of blood vessels (vascular response), controls blood loss (hemostatic response)

Question 23

characteristics of what phase of healing?: vascular changes, exudate of cells and chemicals, clot formation, phagocytosis, neutralization of irritants, early fibroblastic activity

Answer 23

inflammatory phase

Question 24

clinical signs of the inflammatory phase? (3)

Answer 24

inflammation, pain before resistance (empty end feel), tender to palpation

Question 25

why do non-injured vessels dilate in the area of trauma during the inflammation phase

Answer 25

non-injured vessels dilate to transport more nutrients to the injured area

Question 26

term for cells squeezing through vessel walls

Answer 26

diapedesis

Question 27

term for leukocytes moving from outside to inside a blood vessel

Answer 27

extravasation

Question 28

term for blood vessels migrating to perivascular tissue

Answer 28

emigration

Question 29

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 29

pressure exerted by a column of water

Question 30

osmotic pressure

Answer 30

pressure resulting from attraction of fluid by free proteins

Question 31

cellular response to injury during the first 24 hours? (3 cells)

Answer 31

neutrophils: phagocytosis and release proteolytic enzymes basophils: release histamine, which contributes to vascular permeability eosinophils: phagocytosis

Question 32

two cells that arrive within 24-48 hours post-trauma?

Answer 32

monocytes: convert into macrophages lymphocytes: supply antibodies

Question 33

characteristics of what phase of healing?: removal of noxious stimuli, growth of capillary beds into area, collagen formation, granulation tissue formation, very fragile, easily injured tissue

Answer 33

proliferation phase

Question 34

days for wound closure in muscle and skin?

Answer 34

5-8

Question 35

days for wound closure in tendons and ligaments?

Answer 35

3-6 weeks

Question 36

characteristics of what phase of healing? : maturation of connective tissue, contracture of scar tissue, remodeling of scar, collagen aligns to stress

Answer 36

maturation phase

Question 37

scar attempts to mimic characteristic of injured tissue? (theory)

Answer 37

induction theory

Question 38

internal and external stresses applied during maturation phase determine final tissue structure? (theory)

Answer 38

tension theory

Question 39

the simultaneous progression of active inflammation, tissue destruction, and healing

Answer 39

chronic inflammation

Question 40

restarting the acute process before the previous episode has finished

Answer 40

recurring inflammation

Question 41

restoration of tissue that is identical to injured tissue

Answer 41

regeneration

Question 42

healing mechanism that involves scar formation and the return of structural and functional properties of the injured tissue, however, not identical to the injured tissue

Answer 42

repair