Pain Modulation

Question 1

two types of nociceptive pain?

Answer 1

somatic and autonomic

Question 2

two types of neuropathic pain?

Answer 2

peripheral and central

Question 3

pain that originates from nonorganic sources. Associated with emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses.

Answer 3

psychogenic pain

Question 4

list the four categories of pain

Answer 4

nociceptive, neuropathic, psychogenic, carcinogenic

Question 5

type of pain that is time limited

Answer 5

acute

Question 6

type of pain that is associated with increased sympathetic activity

Answer 6

acute

Question 7

type of pain associated with rapidly conducting pathways

Answer 7

acute

Question 8

type of pain that is most likely localized

Answer 8

acute

Question 9

type of pain that only exists as long as the noxious stimuli persists

Answer 9

acute

Question 10

define chronic pain

Answer 10

long-term pain lasting more than 12 weeks or beyond the expected healing time for the particular pathology

Question 11

type of pain that lasts several months to years

Answer 11

chronic

Question 12

type of pain that has a history of many symptom treatment failures

Answer 12

chronic

Question 13

type of pain that is unbearable and incapacitating with multiple attempts to find the right treatment

Answer 13

chronic

Question 14

type of pain that elects increased sensitivity to both noxious and non noxious stimuli

Answer 14

chronic

Question 15

define referred pain

Answer 15

pain felt at a location other than its source

Question 16

why does referred pain occur

Answer 16

peripheral nerve pathways converge on the same area of the spinal cord due to embryonic development. brain learns that musculoskeletal pathologies are more common so it may refer pain. for example, during a heart attack the brain is not used to such strong signals from the heart so it interprets it at chest and left arm pain.

Question 17

name the four types of mechano receptors

Answer 17

meissner’s corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, merkle cells, and ruffini endings

Question 18

name the 7 types of superficial peripheral sensory receptors

Answer 18

meissener’s corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, merle cells, ruffini endings (MECHANO) cold and hot receptors (THERMO), and free nerve endings for nociception

Question 19

name the four types of deep peripheral sensory receptors

Answer 19

golgi tendon organs, pacinian corpuscles, ruffini endings (proprio), free nerve endings (nociceptors)

Question 20

nerve pathway in which the neuron has its cell body outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglion

Answer 20

afferent nerve pathway

Question 21

afferent fiber, 6-12 micrometers in diameter, myelinated, transmits impulses at >30 /sec

Answer 21

A beta

Question 22

afferent fiber, 1-6 micrometer in dimeter, myelinated and transmits impulses at up to 30 m/sec

Answer 22

A delta

Question 23

type of afferent fiber, 1mm thick non-myelinated transmits impulses at 1-4 m/sec

Answer 23

C fibers

Question 24

what information do alpha beta afferent fibers transmit

Answer 24

touch, vibration

Question 25

what information do alpha delta afferent fibers transmit

Answer 25

touch, temp, pressure and pain

Question 26

where are c fibers located and what information do they transmit

Answer 26

located in the muscles and skin and transmit pain, touch, pressure, and temperature

Question 27

alpha beta fiber characteristics (4)

Answer 27

originate from mechanoceptors, sense touch and vibration, are late myelinated and fast conducting, have a low stimulation threshold

Question 28

alpha delta fiber characteristics (5)

Answer 28

originate from warm/cold receptors, few hair follicles, and free nerve endings. sense noxious mechanical stimulus (pinching, pricking, crushing). may transmit non-noxious stimulus as well. large and myelinated but slower than A beta

Question 29

characteristic of A-delta fibers (4)

Answer 29

quick onset short duration, well localized to area of injury, not involved with an emotional response, cannot be blocked by opiates

Question 30

80% of afferent danger transmitting fibers

Answer 30

c-fibers

Question 31

group 3 afferents

Answer 31

a-delta

Question 32

group 4 afferents

Answer 32

c-fibers

Question 33

result in sensation felt as dull, throbbing, burning, aching

Answer 33

c-fibers

Question 34

type of fiber with slow onset after initial stimulus

Answer 34

c-fibers

Question 35

fibers that transmit long lasting pain that is emotionally difficult to tolerate

Answer 35

c fibers

Question 36

fibers that transmit diffusely localized pain

Answer 36

c-fibers

Question 37

type of fibers that are reduced by opiates or blocked by opiate antagonist naloxone

Answer 37

c-fibers

Question 38

type of fibers that ascend in lateral spinothalamic tract and synapse with 3rd order neurons in the thalamus. relay info to somatosensory cortex in post central gyrus

Answer 38

a-delta fibers

Question 39

type of fibers that ascend in the anterior spinothalamic tract and synapse in reticular formation and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. relay info to the association cortex

Answer 39

c-fibers

Question 40

central transmission tract that is the primary nociceptive pathway-transmits type/location of pain

Answer 40

spinothalamic tract

Question 41

central transmission tract that transmits motivational, emotional, and unpleasant aspect of pain

Answer 41

spinoreticular tract

Question 42

central transmission tract that sensorimotor integration of pain

Answer 42

spinomesencephalic tract

Question 43

central transmission tract that is a limbic tract, autonomic responses associated with pain

Answer 43

spinohypothalamic tract

Question 44

sub-cortical center that mediates motor autonomic, and sensory functions

Answer 44

reticular formation

Question 45

sub-cortical center that directs descending inhibition

Answer 45

periaqueductal gray

Question 46

type of sub-cortical center that controls endocrine functions and vegetative state

Answer 46

hypothalamus

Question 47

master gland for the endocrine system that is part of the sub-cortical center

Answer 47

pituitary gland

Question 48

association cortex

Answer 48

responsible for affect that is associated with danger signals. appraises the danger and results in pain tolerance

Question 49

theory that states that the sensation of pain depends upon the stimulation of specific nerve endings that are specialized for that sensation

Answer 49

specificity theory (Von Frey)

Question 50

theory that states that the sensation of pain results from appropriate intensity or frequency of stimulation of receptors that also respond to other stimuli like touch, pressure, and temperature

Answer 50

pattern theory

Question 51

control pain by binding with specific opiate receptors in the nervous system

Answer 51

opiopeptins

Question 52

theory that states: pain is multidimensional experience. produced by characteristic patterns of nerve impulses generated by widely distributed nerve networks in the brain

Answer 52

neuromatrix theory

Question 53

define allodynia

Answer 53

that which did not hurt, now does