Influence Of Others Flashcards
(21 cards)
Individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. Also know as bystander apathy.
Bystander Effect
When our attitudes and behaviours do not line up we experience a sense of discomfort. Something, usually the attitude, must change to relieve the dissonance.
Cognitive Dissonance
With regard to persuasion, the communicator is the individual delivering the message.
Communicator
To adjust our behaviour or our thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Conform
When people are part of a bigger group, they can sometimes lose sight of their individuality and just act as part of the crowd.
Deindividuation
The idea that altruism results from empathy. Empathy refers to a shared sense of what another person is feeling. If you empathize with someone else and therefore share in their difficulty, you’ll be motivated to act to alleviate the problem.
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
Discussion in groups tends to strengthen original inclinations. If many individuals are leaning toward a somewhat risky the group will fortify that stance. However if individuals are less open to risk, the group would be even less so. Discussions in a group force people to state their views and making such statements tends to make attitudes more extreme.
Group Polarization
When thinking or making decisions as a group discourages creativity or individual responsibility.
Groupthink
Involves behaviours that are directly confrontational—for example, hitting someone or yelling at them. This is more commonly used by men.
Hostile aggression
We help others because we would feel distressed (and guilty) if we didn’t.
Negative State Relief Model
Proposed by Sherif. Found that subjects gradually conformed to the others opinion, regardless of starting point.
Norm Function
In general, we want to be approved of by the people we associate with.
Normative Social Influences
We are expected to reciprocate when someone else treats us well.
Norm of Reciprocity
As a member of a society, we are expected to contribute to its welfare in a positive way.
Norm of Social Responsibility
The commonly accepted but unwritten rules of behaviour.
Norms
Only one side/opinion of a particular argument is presented. This tends to be to be more effective when the audience initially agrees with the communicator.
One-Sided Argument
Proposed by Bem. Indicates that we don’t necessarily have a special insight into ourselves. We sometimes have to figure out who we are in a way that is similar to how we figure out who others are: by assessing behaviour.
Self-Perception Theory
A person will exert less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.
Social Loafing
Involves personal interactions. Relationally aggressive behaviours are engaged in an attempt to make others dislike someone—for example, spreading rumours about someone or ignoring them. This is more commonly used by women.
Relational aggression
The observed tendency for people to make more daring decisions when they are in groups, than when they are alone. However, later determined to be caused by group polarization and not actually risk.
Risky-Shift
Both sides of an opinion are explained by the communicator. This tends to be more effective when the audience initially disagrees. Such an audience may appreciate acknowledgment of their point of view and, following that, may be more open to being brought around to a different one. This type of argument works best to convince an academic audience.
Two-sided arguments
