influence of physical activity on growth and maturation

Question 1

physical actvity def

Answer 1

any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure above resting levels

Question 2

sedentary behaviour def

Answer 2

any behaviour characterised by an energy expenditure <1.5METS while in a sitting or reclining posture

Question 3

exercise def

Answer 3

physical activity that is planned structure, repetitive and results in improvement or maintanence of one of more facets of physical fitness

Question 4

training def

Answer 4

systematic, specialised practice for a specific sport or sport discipline for most of the year or to specific short term training programmes
quite specific

Question 5

physical fitness def

Answer 5

a set of attributes eg power etc- that people have or achieve that relate to their ability to perform physical activity

Question 6

physical activity

Answer 6

has historically been thought of as important for healthy growth, regular PA and G&D can be thought of in 5 areas
1. PA and height, weight and body comp
2. PA and biilogical maturation
3. PA and physical fitness
4. PA and health
5. training for sport and G&D of young athletes

Question 7

young athletes

Answer 7

status of young athlete is usually defined based on success in school or club teams, chronological age, group competition, regional, nationa, international competition
aim to start training before puberty
characteristics- long hours of repetitive training, dietary regulation, special schooling, separation from family
increasing number of young athltes so must be considered in G&D in children + adolescents

Question 8

training considerations

Answer 8

training programs vary considerably within and across studies, problems arise measuring, specifying and quantifying training, most studies classify training as mild, moderate or severe without any clear definitions

Question 9

training of young athltes study

Answer 9

aim- to establish the positive and negative effects of intensive training within 4 sports- gymanstics, football, swimming + tennis
commisioned after concern about negative effects of intensive training on children
mixed longitudinal study- england and wales
info from study was needed to improve knowledge of effect of intensive training routines on injury rates, growth and psychological well being of young people

Question 10

trends in athletes

Answer 10

heights and weights of young athltes are sport dependent, generally heights equal or exceed reference medians + body weights present a similar pattern

Question 11

body comp of athletes

Answer 11

generally have less fat mass than non athletes of same age and sex
male athletes show a relative decline in fatness during adolescence- consistent with normal males
female athletes have relatively less fat mass + shows little variation in adolescence but increases in non ath;etes
relative fatness differences- athletes vs non- are greater in females than males

Question 13

age at menarche

Answer 13

generally later in athletes- evidence shows higher number of athletes occurs at a later age
in athletes vs mother- later age in athlete than mother (in gymnastics, swimming and tennis)

Question 14

does training affect G&D

Answer 14

data suggests delayed and advances maturity in many athlete groups
based on findings in cross sectional studies
longitudinal studies show normal growth in athletes
maturity dependent selection into sports