life cycle and pregnancy

Question 1

pregnancy

Answer 1

1st trimester= conception to 13 weeks (approx)
critical period of development of organs eg CNS
2nd trimester= 12-26 weeks approx
characterised by increases in length
3rd trimester= 26 weeks to birth
characterised by substantial fat deposition

Question 2

dating pergancy

Answer 2

last menstrual period (LMP)- gestational age is time elapsed between first fay of LMP and date of delivery
dependent upon a regular menstrual cycle

Question 3

ultrasound dating scan

Answer 3

all pregnant women in england are offered an ultrasound at 10-14 weeks (dating scan)
crown rump length (CRL) used to determine gestational age - head to bum
CRL assumes no variations in foetuses

Question 4

stillbirths and terminations

Answer 4

before advent of ultrasound, relied on stillbirths and medical terminations for assessing growths

Question 5

ultrasound

Answer 5

occurs at around 20 weeks but if they are at low risk, no scan required in 3rd trimester

Question 6

symphysis fundal height (SFH)

Answer 6

measuremnt from top of woman’s uterus to top of pubic symphysis from 24 weeks onwards

Question 7

ultrasonography

Answer 7

can see heartbeat in real itme

Question 8

estimated foetal weight

Answer 8

EFW= Log10 weight = 1.326 – ((0.00326AC)FL) + (0.0107HC) + (0.0438AC) + (0.158*FL)

Question 10

foetel growth calculators

Answer 10

developed by WHO
can be used to calculate what %tile of weight child is in
chart developed from studies looking at a large number of optimal foetuses from women across the world
same chart for male and female foetuses- doesnt account for differences

Question 11

changing proportions

Answer 11

babies are born with very large head circumferences as brain growth is more important compared to growth or other organs/ head
importance of fat deposition in first 5 years leads to children being more chubby but this stops when they grow and become taller

Question 12

factors affecting foetal growth

Answer 12

maternal smoking= smaller feotus
maternal size= larger
multiplarity (birth order)= higher weight
ethnicity- south asian= smaller east asian= smaller black= smaller
gestational diabetes= higher weight
gestational weight gain= higher weight
gestational hypertension= lower weight

Question 13

categorising birth weight

Answer 13

small for gestational age (SGA)- birth weight <10th %tile > 2.5kg
appropriate - 10th to 90th % tile
LGA >90th % tile <4.5kg
just looking at birth weight doesnt count for gestational age as babies born pre term will weigh less on average