Information on Learned Phyla Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
What single-celled organism is most closely related to animals, but is a protist?
A
Choanoflagellate
2
Q
What are the three main cell types of sponges and their function?
A
- choanocytes (feeding cells)
- pinacocytes (surface cells)
- archaeocytes (differentiation cells)
3
Q
Describe the feeding method of sponges.
A
They are filter feeders - water goes in through the porocytes, brings in food particles, and is filtered out through the osculum.
4
Q
What supports a sponge?
A
Spicules (can be fibrous/flexible, shell-like, or like glass)
5
Q
How do sponges procreate?
A
Asexually via buds, or sexually via gametes.
6
Q
Does a sponge have a blastula? Why is this important?
A
YES - all animals undergo development that involves a blastula.
7
Q
What class accounts for 95% of all Porifera?
A
Class Demospongia
8
Q
Explain the specialized cells of Cnidaria.
A
Cnidocytes: cells that contain cnidocystes which are responsible for the firing of stinging injections.
9
Q
What are the two body plans of Cnidaria?
A
- Medusa
- Polyp
10
Q
Cnidaria: type of gut, symmetry, diplo/triploblastic
A
Blind gut, radial symmetry, and diploblastic (have a mesoglea, not a mesoderm).
11
Q
What is the largest class of Cnidaria? What body form do they take on? What are a few animals?
A
Anthozoa - ONLY polyp phase - sea anemones, coral
12
Q
What class are the “true jellies”?
A
Class Scyphozoa
13
Q
Briefly break down the life cycle of the Scyphozoa, the housing of sex organs, and how they reproduce.
A
Polyp to medusa, dioecious, asexually
14
Q
Which phylum is most closely related to Cnidaria?
A
Ctenophora
15
Q
Ctenophora: diploblastic or triploblastic?
A
Diploblastic.
16
Q
What’s the biggest characteristic that excludes Ctenophora from being Cnidarians?
A
The lack of cnidocytes.
17
Q
What animals were the first to have bilateral symmetry?
A
Platyhelminthes
18
Q
What is cephalization?
A
The congregation of important organs to one area of a body, namely, a head.
19
Q
What is the name of the horseshoe shaped feeding appendage? What is the overarching name for the organisms with this appendage?
A
Lophophore; Lophotrochozoa
20
Q
Do the Platyhelminthes have any clear features/synapomorphies?
A
NOPE
21
Q
Platyhelminthes: type of gut, symmetry, type of “blastic”, type of body cavity
A
Incomplete gut, bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomate
22
Q
Are “type of gut” and “type of body cavity” the same thing???
A
NO, YOU FUCKING TWAT. NO.
23
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Platyhelminthes are monoecious
A
TRUE
24
Q
What phylum is similar to flatworms (but isn’t)?
A
Phylum Nemertea
25
Nemertea: type of "blastic", type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system.
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, blood-vascular system.
26
What phylum are the roundworms?
Nematoda
27
What's the broad term to describe all animals that shed their outer cuticle? What's the word that describes this molting?
Ecdysozoa, the term is ecdysis
28
T or F: Nematoda are not Ecdysozoans
False: they are
29
Can you name the 6 phyla of psuedocoelomates?
- Rotifera
- Aranthocephala
- Loricifera
- Kinorhyncha
- Nematoda
- Nematomorpha
30
Nematoda: type of "blastic", type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system.
Triploblastic, psuedocoelomate, complete gut, no circular or respiratory system (they use diffusion to breath).
31
Name some animals in the phylum Mollusca
Chitin, clams, sea slugs, octopi, squids, snails
32
What is a radula?
A protrusible tongue-like organ with teeth that is special to Mollusca
33
What is the word for gills in the phylum Mollusca?
Ctenidia
34
Mollusca: type of "blastic", type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system, sex organs housed, nervous system present?
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, open circulatory system (closed only for cephalopods), typically dioecious, nervous system present.
35
Is there one genus of animal called a mollusk?
No. The word "mollusk" is used to describe any animal in the phylum Mollusca.
36
What are some characteristics of the mollusks?
- head/foot combination
- radula
- shell
- gills (ctenidia)
- mantle
- metanephridia
37
What is the mantle in a mollusk?
It is the folds of skin - outgrowths of the body wall - that forms new periostracum (the shell).
38
How is a pearl formed?
A piece of sand gets stuck between the shell and the mantle, and gets surrounded by nacrious layer
39
What two general groups have direct development in mollusks?
Gastropods and cephalopods
40
How many of the 8 classes of Mollusca can you name?
- Caudofoveata
- Solenogastres
- Polyplacophora
- Monoplacophora
- Gastropoda
- Bivalvia
- Scaphopoda
- Cephalopoda
41
Which class of mollusks is known for their many chiton plates, and are commonly called chitons?
Polyplacophora
42
Name some animals in the class Gastropoda
Snails, limpets, slugs, sea slugs, sea butterflies
43
How many species are in the most diverse mollusks class?
Gastropoda - 70k
44
Describe developmental (ontogenetic) torsion, and the phylum/class it's usually associated with
It's when the mouth and the anus are linearly lined as juveniles, but end up becoming twisted counterclockwise so the anus ends up above the head (and lines up with the mantle cavity) during maturation. Mollusca/Gastropoda.
45
Phylum/Class/Subclass of land and freshwater snails and slugs
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata
46
The subclass Pulmonata has lost what ancestral characteristic to develop lungs?
Ctenidia
47
The anus is located near what in Pulmonata, meaning their waste exits this opening?
The pneumostome
48
T or F: Pulmonata are monoecious.
True
49
Name some animals in the class Bivalvia
Mussels, clams, scallops, oysters
50
What makes bivalves unique from other mollusks?
No head, no radula, little cephalization, most are sedentary filter feeders
51
Name some animals in the class Cephalopoda.
Squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses
52
What does "Cephalopoda" mean?
" Head foot"
53
The modified foot merged with the head region in cephalopods forms what?
A siphon and tentacles
54
Who are the Annelida?
Segmented worms
55
Annelida: type of "blastic", type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system, sex organs housed
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, closed vascular system, monoecious
56
Who are in the subclass Sedentaria?
Marine tube worms
57
Who are in the class Clitellata?
Earthworms, or anyone with a clitellum
58
Which phylum/class do leeches belong in?
Annelida, Clitellata
59
Who are the phylum Onychophora?
Velvet worms
60
Who are the phylum Tardigrada?
Water bears
61
Arthropoda: type of "blastic", type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system, sex organs housed.
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, open circulatory system, dioecious
62
Because arthropods molt their outer later, what are clade do they belong in?
Ecdysozoa
63
What does "Arthropoda" mean?
Jointed foot
64
What are the three subclasses of Arthropoda?
- Chelicerata
- Myriapoda
- Crustecea
65
What's another word for "body segments"?
Tagmata
66
What are chelicerae? What phylum do those with these belong?
They are a pair of appendages on the head with many uses. Arthropoda.
67
T or F: Trilobites were crustaceans
False. They were arthropods.
68
How many tagmata do chelicerates have?
Two: cephalothorax and abdomen
69
The claws (chelae) on scorpions are modified what? What phylum/class/order do these animals belong?
Pedipalps. Arthropoda/Arachnida/Scorpiones
70
What phylum/class/order do harvestmen belong?
Arthropoda/Arachnida/Opiliones
71
What phylum/class/order do spiders belong?
Arthropoda/Arachnida/Araneae
72
What phylum/class/order do ticks/mites belong?
Arthropoda/Arachnida/Acari
73
Who are in the subphylum Myriapoda?
Centipedes and millipedes
74
Name the classes centipedes and millipedes belong. How can you tell the difference?
Centipedes: Chilopoda. Millipedes: Diplopoda. Millipedes have two legs per body segment, while Centipedes have one.
75
Which myriapod is predatory?
Chilopods (centipedes)
76
Who are the only arthropods to have two pairs of antennae?
The crustaceans
77
T or F: Crustacea is a class in the phylum Arthropoda.
FALSE. It's a subphylum.
78
Name some animals that are crustaceans.
Shrimp, lobster, pill-bugs, crabs
79
How many tagmata do crustaceans have?
Two: cephalothorax and abdomen
80
What subphylum of Arthropoda has six legs?
Hexapoda
81
Name the phylum/subphylum/class insects belong.
Arthropoda/Hexapoda/Insecta
82
How many tagmata do insects have?
Three: head, thorax, and abdomen
83
What are setae?
Bristle or hair-like structures
84
How many pairs of antennae do insects typically have?
One
85
T or F: Insects are typically monoecious
False. They're usually dioecious
86
What are Malpigian tubules? What phylum can this be found in?
An excretory system. Arthropoda.
87
Phylum/Class/Order of beetles (who have more than 250k species!)
Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera
88
Phylum/Class/Order of bees/ants/wasps
Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera
89
Phylum/Class/Order of butterflies
Arthropoda/Insecta/Lepidoptera
90
Echinodermata: type of "blastic", type of body cavity, type of gut, type of vascular system, sex organs housed, nervous system present?
Triploblastic, eucoelomate, complete gut, water-vascular system, dioecious, no brain - only simple sense organs
91
Who are the top predators of the reef?
Sea stars
92
Name the phylum/class of sea stars
Echinodermata/Asteroidea
93
What is a madreporite?
An opening that allows water into the water vascular system of sea stars.
94
The water vascular system in sea stars is formed from the ---
Coelom
95
Name the phylum/class of sea urchins
Echinodermata/Echinoidea
96
What is the solid shell of sea urchins called?
A "test"
97
What is the complex mouthpart used for feeding in Echinoidea called?
Aristotle's lantern
98
What are the deuterostome phyla we've learned so far? Does that mean the rest are protostomes?
Echinodermata and Hemichordata. No - Porifera and Cnidaria are neither.
99
T or F: Those who are triploblastic all possess organs.
True
100
T or F: Those who are diploblastic all possess organs
False. Organs come from the mesoderm.
101
Who belong to the phylum Chordata?
Anyone with a notochord at some point in their life.
102
Name the three subphylums of Chordata.
Cephalochordata, Urochordata, Vertebrata
103
Name the 5 synapomorphies that define a Chordate.
1. ) Notochord
2. ) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. ) Pharyngeal (gill) slits
4. ) Endostyle
5. ) Postanal tail
104
What is the notochord?
A rodlike, semi-rigid body of fluid-filled cells in a fibrous sheath that serves as a hydrostatic organ providing stiffness to the body.
105
What's the endostyle in chordates?
A structure that secretes mucous in early chordates, and forms the thyroid in more developed ones.
106
What subphylum has all 5 chordate synapomorphies in adulthood?
Cephalochordates (lancelets)
107
Tell me about the Urochordates.
They're tunicates or sea squirts (marine chordates). Their larva is pelagic (have all 5 synapomorphies) but the adults are sessile (do not, and are glued down to something). They can be solitary or colonial.
108
What are the two superclasses of subphylum Vertebrata? What are their distinctions?
Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) and Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates).
109
Phylum, subphylum, and superclass of fishes?
Chordata, Vertebrata, Gnathostomata
110
Phylum, subphylum, superclass, and class of sharks and rays?
Chordata, Vertebrata, Gnathostomata, Chondrichthyes
111
What are the three types of shark reproduction?
Oviparity, placental viviparity/matrotrophic, and lecithotrophic viviparity
112
What is the most morphologically and taxonomically diverse class of fishes? (also considered a clade).
The bony fishes - Osteichthyes
113
What kind of respiration to many modern amphibians have?
Cutaneous respiration
114
___ are a clade of ____ (subphylum) who have completed the evolutionary transition to land, and are characterized by the type of egg produced which prevents water loss and has a tough shell. This clade also lacks a ___ stage.
Amniotes, Vertebrates, larval
115
Who are the Amniotes?
Reptiles, birds, and mammals
116
What are the three classes of Amniotes?
Class Reptilia, Class Aves, and Class Mammalia
117
Phylum, Subphylum, Superclass, Clade, Class , Order that humans belong
Chordata, Vertebrata, Gnathostomata, Tetrapoda Amniotes, Mammalia, Primates
118
How many amniote characteristics can you name?
- amniotic egg
- keratinized epidermis
- aspiration breathing
- high pressure blood flow
- uricotelism (excretion of uric acid)
119
Turtles belong to the order ___.
Testudines
120
Lizards and snakes belong to the order ___.
Squamata
121
Alligators and crocodiles belong to the order ___.
Crocodilia
122
When did all non-avian dinosaurs go extinct? (This was the major dinosaur extinction). What was this event called?
The Cretaceous Extinction, 65 mya
123
T or F: Feathers evolved for the purpose of flight.
False
124
The three main types of feathers in birds
- Contour (main ones that form outline of bird)
- Down (thermoregulation)
- Filoplume (ornamentation)
125
Do birds have teeth, you dumb shit?
NO.
126
Living birds have a reduced tail called a ___.
Pygostyle.
127
What animals have a muscular gizzard? What is a gizzard?
Birds, and an organ in the stomach to grind up food.
128
Describe the respiration system in birds.
They have a one-way air flow through the lungs using anterior and posterior air sacs.
129
What three groups of animals experienced convergent evolution of flight?
- pterosaurs
- bats
- birds
130
What are the three groups of living mammals?
- Monotremes
- Marsupials
- Placentals
131
Tell me about Monotremes.
Only five species (platypus and echidna). They are egg laying (oviparous) mammals.
132
Gestation period usually correlates in mammals to ___.
Body size.
133
The four groups of marine mammals:
- Sea otters
- Pinnipeds (seals)
- Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises)
- Sirenians (sea cows, manatees)
134
T or F: Marine mammals evolved from terrestrial mammals
True
135
Orangutans, Chimpanzees, and Gorillas all belong to different orders. How many species does each order contain?
Each order only has two species.
136
What is animal integument?
The outer covering of animals (skin)
137
What two layers classify as integument?
Epidermis and cuticle
138
T or F: the cuticle layer is a cellular, living layer.
False.
