Information Processing

Question 1

What is information processing?

Answer 1

Signals or information available in the environment are taken in by humans and “processed” for the purposes of perception, decision making and action

Question 2

What are 2 approaches for information processing?

Answer 2

• Ecological
• Cognitive

Question 3

What is the ecological approach research focused on?

Answer 3

How motor systems interact most effectively with the environment to perform goal - oriented behavior

Question 4

According to the ecological approach what is affordance?

Answer 4

Action possibility provided to individual by environment and the perception requires experience specific to task & environment

Question 5

What is the traditional cognitive approach follow?

Answer 5

Black box model
Input (stimulus) –> human –> output (response)

Question 6

What are the 3 stages of IP?

Answer 6

• Stimulus identification stage
• Response selection stage
• Response programming stage

Question 7

What occurs during stimulus identification stage?

Answer 7

• Neural encoding of sensory information from: visual, auditory, proprioception, touch & vestibular sensory system
• Results in knowing what happened in the environment

Question 8

What are the 2 substages of stimulus identification stage?

Answer 8

Stimulus detection
Pattern recognition

Question 9

What is the stimulus detection stage?

Answer 9

Environmental signal stimulates neurological impulses & memory is contact to associated with past

Question 10

What is the pattern recognition stage?

Answer 10

• Decipher pattern from stimuli in both static and dynamic conditions
• May be genetic or learned

Question 11

What is the response selection stage?

Answer 11

Determine what action to take in response to the stimulus

Question 12

What is the response programming stage?

Answer 12

• Translate the abstract idea of motion into action
• Involves retrieval of motor program, preparation & initiation

Question 13

What is reaction time?

Answer 13

Interval between stimulus presentation and initiation of response

Question 14

What is a simple reaction time?

Answer 14

1 stimulus & 1 response

Question 15

What is a Go No Go?

Answer 15

2 stimuli and 1 response

Question 16

What is a choice reaction time?

Answer 16

2 stimulis & 2 responses

Question 17

Clear signals, increase or decrease reaction time?

Answer 17

decrease

Question 18

Intensity of signals, increase or decrease reaction time?

Answer 18

decrease

Question 19

Which are we slower to respond to between visual stimuli, auditory or tactile?

Answer 19

Respond slowest to visual stimuli

Question 20

When stimuli are simultaneously presented in more than one modality is reaction time quicker or slower?

Answer 20

quicker

Question 21

What influence doe complex patterns have on stimulus identification?

Answer 21

Recognized with experience

Question 22

What does Hick’s law say?

Answer 22

of stimulus responses will increase the time it takes to react

Question 23

What influence does practice have on variable that influence response selection?

Answer 23

With extensive practice we can overcome Hick’s law

Question 24

How does predictability influence response selection?

Answer 24

If you anticipate what stimulus is coming you can decide on the response before the signal is given

Question 25

What influence does compatibility of stimulus have on response selection?

Answer 25

If the stimulus doesn't make sense it will take longer

Question 26

What does increased complexity of response to program do to the reaction time?

Answer 26

increase

Question 27

What makes a movement more complex?

Answer 27

- Increase # if movement parts - Movement accuracy - Movement duration

Question 28

What is receptor anticipation?

Answer 28

Detect upcoming event based sensory information

Question 29

What is effector anticipation?

Answer 29

Estimate the time your own movement will take

Question 30

What is perceptual anticipation?

Answer 30

Can't directly perceive but predict from experience

Question 31

What is spatial anticipation, an anticipation of?

Answer 31

- Type of stimulus present - What subsequent response would be required

Question 32

What can spatial anticipation have on reaction time?

Answer 32

May allow some response processing before stimulus have arrived therefore reducing reaction time

Question 33

What is temporal anticipation?

Answer 33

Anticipation of when stimulus will arrive can lead to large decrease in reaction time

Question 34

What is a fore period?

Answer 34

Period of time prior to stimulus onset

Question 35

What type of forepreriods cause the shortest reaction time?

Answer 35

Constant & short

Question 36

What is the benefit of anticipation on information processing?

Answer 36

Correctly anticipating can reduce reaction time

Question 37

What is the cost of incorrectly anticipating cause?

Answer 37

Increase reaction time Increased errors

Question 38

What is serial processing?

Answer 38

Single chain One process completed before next starts

Question 39

What is parallel processing?

Answer 39

- Multi channels - Some or all processes can occur at same time

Question 40

What is the impact of controlled processing?

Answer 40

- Requires selective attention - Slow process - Skill is not well learned - Serial in nature

Question 41

What is the impact of automatic processing?

Answer 41

- Limited attention - Greater capacity/faster - Well learned skill - Parallel in nature

Question 42

As arousal increases our perception narrows which does what to focus and perception of stimuli?

Answer 42

- Increase focus on stimuli relevant to task - Decrease perception of stimuli outside primary focus

Question 43

What negative effect does too little arousal have?

Answer 43

Not attending to relevant environmental stimuli to trigger IP

Question 44

What negative effect does too much arousal have?

Answer 44

- Focus is narrow - May miss important cues

Question 45

What amount of arousal is appropriate for a fine motor task?

Answer 45

Lower arousal

Question 46

In regards to environment what type is high arousal needed?

Answer 46

Busier environments

Question 47

What is the impact of arousal on individual?

Answer 47

Novice need wider focus while experts benefit from perceptual narrowing

Question 48

What can arousal have on hyper vigilance/panic?

Answer 48

Severe stress conditions which lead to severely disrupted actions

Question 49

What is feedforward control?

Answer 49

Use previous experience to predict the consequence of received sensory information

Question 50

What is feedback control?

Answer 50

Sensory information is compared to desired state. The difference between these two states is used to update the output