Theories and Application Movement Systems Flashcards
What is motor control?
Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
What are the 3 factors that impact movement?
Task, individual and environment
Within the individual factor what are the 3 things to keep in mind?
Sensory- perception system
Cognitive
Motor System
What is the sensory- perception system?
Proprioception, environment, input from the sensory system
What does the cognitive aspect include?
Attention, motivation, planning, memory, problem solving
What is included in the motor system?
Muscles, joints, ROM, strength, tone, coordination, sequence (NM & MS system)
Describe the Reflex Theory
- Stimulus driven (stimulus in –> response out)
- Peripheral system dominant
- Combination of reflexes/reactions that were chained together
- No cognitive thought
Describe limitations to the reflex theory
- Doesn’t account voluntary movement
- We can override a reflex using higher brain centers
- Doesn’t explain movement occurring in absence of sensory stimulation
- Doesn’t take into account movement that are too rapid to allow for new sensory information to impact them
- Doesn’t take into account new movement and applying movement in new situations
Describe the hierarchal theory
- Top down approach ( Higher cortex motor association areas –> Motor cortex –> Spinal levels –> limbs move)
- Assumes CNS maturation is the primary agent for change in development
What does the hierarchical theory say about damage to the CNS?
Results in release of control from higher centers (release of inhibition) and results in spasticity or other movement dysfunction (and return of primitive reflexes) which causes movement disorder
What does the hierarchical theory say about recovery of CNS dysfunction?
Is a process of the CNS regaining control (inhibition) over the lower centers
What are some examples of low level reflexes?
- Auditory Startle
- Visual Tracking
- Flexor withdrawl to pain
- Eyes opening with stimulation opening
What are some examples of high level reflexes : Cognitive function required?
- Movement to a command
- Recognizing an object
- Functional Object use
- Maintaining Attention
What are some limitation to Hierarchial and reflex theory?
- Does not explain dominance of reflex behavior in certain situations
- Does not take into account environment and response
- Biomechanical Factors are not take into account (ie limb stuck in flexion)
When in the reflex and hierarchical theory used in PT?
- Peds: Evolution of reflexes in babies
- Gait training based on limb position
- Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation/ Quick Stretch of muscles
What are interventions aimed at gaining and how does progression work?
- Aimed to gain or regain higher level reflexes and movements in a step wise approach
- Progression is rigid in progression (NDT)
What does Motor Programming Theory look at?
Both peripheral and central pieces to permit motor control. Motor program can be activated by Sensory Input or Central pieces
The idea that specific patterns create movements: Synergy belong to which theory?
Motor Programming Theory
According to (BLANK) theory how does central pattern generators affect a motor program?
- Neural circuits influence movements
- Rhythmic input (quick stretch) can create a chain of event that permits walking, flying, breathing etc
- Can function without the help of cortex (driven by spinal cord)
What are the limitations to Motor Programming Theory?
Central motor program can not be the sole determinant of action
- Gravity or fatigue affects motor program and this theory does not take this into account
What clinical implications does Motor Programming theory have?
- Do not train a single motion or isolated motion
- stresses the importance of training the task and helping patients relearn an action
What does the Dynamic System Theory focus on?
- Interacting systems working cooperatively to achieve movement
- Looks at nervous system as more of a team effort no one center is higher
- Focused on the interactions of multiple body systems
- Depending on the task, different centers may be active and in control
Which theory takes into account motor equivalence?
Dynamic System theory
Which theory is non-linear?
Dynamic Systems Theory
