Information Processing Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is Information Processing?
The process of taking account of the sporting environment and then making decisions prior to skill execution.
What are the 3 stages of the basic IP Model?
Input
Decision Making
Output
What is the Display?
The sporting environment
Where does the Input Stage get information from?
External Senses (Receptors)
Proprioception (Internal Senses)
Perception
What is Kinesthesis?
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
Outline the function of selective attention.
- Filters irrelevant information and selects relevant information
- Receives information from the short term sensory store
(Do not accept STSS) - Passes information to the short term memory
(Do not accept STM) - Speeds up the decision making process
Stimuli
The important and relevant items of information from the display, such as the flight of the ball
What are the 3 aspects of the PERCEPTUAL STAGE of information processing?
Detection (D)
Comparison (C)
Recognition (R)
What is Perception?
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information
What is the purpose of the Translatory Mechanism?
Helps to convert information so that decisions can be made.
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made.
What name is given to the network of nerves that send coded impulses to the muscles?
The Effector Mechanism
What does the OUTPUT stage consist of?
The Effector Mechanism
The Muscular Output
What information is used during / after the response to aid movement correction?
Feedback
Describe how a coach can improve selective attention for a performer.
- Relevant practice / learn to ignore irrelevant stimuli, eg the crowd / practice with distractions / reduce the number of stimuli
- Mental rehearsal / imagery / visualisation
- Increase stimulus intensity
(Accept examples, eg brighter ball) - Make stimuli unique / memorable / meaningful / relate to past experiences
- Highlight specific cues
- Optimal arousal levels / high motivation / motivate
- Warning signals
(Accept examples, eg shouting ‘man on’)
What are the benefits of Selective Attention?
Significantly improves reaction time
Improves chances of making correct decisions
Selective attention assists memory access (working memory has limited capacity)
Performers make faster decisions
In team games, players will use the skills that they have learned to create a situation where there are two attackers against one defender (2 v 1).
When the players involved in a 2 v 1 situation are novices, the attack often breaks down. In terms of the input stage of information processing, explain why the attack may break down.
- Information overload / too much to take in / too many stimuli
- Poor selective attention
- ‘Selective attention’ without context is incorrect
- Focus on inappropriate / irrelevant stimulus / signals / cues
- Unable to focus on correct / relevant / appropriate signals / cues
- Unable to look to see both defender and support player
- Loss of concentration
During racket sports, such as tennis, players have to process information quickly.
Name two types of sensory information used in tennis.
- Visual (also accept sight / seeing)
- Auditory (also accept hearing / sound)
- Touch (also accept tactile / feel)
- Kinaesthetic (also accept proprioceptive)
- Balance (also accept equilibrium)
The memory process is important to a tennis player.
Describe the functions of a tennis player’s short term sensory store (STSS) during a rally.
A Receives information/stimuli from display/surroundings/environment/senses
B Eg sees position of opposition/hears a shout from crowd
C selective attention – Information is filtered/disregards irrelevant information/selects relevant information
D Prevents information overload
E Passes relevant information to the short-term memory
(Accept alternative words for relevant, eg important)
(Do not accept characteristics of the STSS)
Describe the role of the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop in Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model.
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- Responsible for manipulating visual images
Phonological loop
- Deals with spoken and written material
Identify the four main components of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model.
- Central Executive
- Visuo-spatial sketch pad
- Phonological loop
- Episodic buffer
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model consists of a central executive, which controls and coordinates three subsystems.
Outline the role of the VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD
Visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye)
• Deals with visual and spatial information
• Stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form
• The Visio-Spatial Sketchpad is used for navigation
• Displays and manipulates visual and spatial information held in long-term memory
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model consists of a central executive, which controls and coordinates three subsystems.
Outline the role of the PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
Phonological loop
• Deals with spoken and written material. It can be used to remember a phone number. It consists of two parts
• Phonological Store (inner ear) − Linked to speech perception. Holds information in speech based form (i.e. spoken words) for 1−2 seconds
• Articulatory control process (inner voice) − Linked to speech production. Used to rehearse and store verbal information from the phonological store
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model consists of a central executive, which controls and coordinates three subsystems.
Outline the role of the EPISODIC BUFFER
Episodic buffer
• Acts as a ‘backup’ store which communicates with both long term memory and the components of working memory
• Links to other two subsystems and perception (1).
• Allows visual and audio information to be ‘chunked together’
• Holds information temporarily and is key to conscious awareness
Passing a ball is an important aspect of many team games.
Explain the functions of the short-term sensory store and the long-term memory when performing the skill of passing.
Short-term sensory store
- Receives information from display / surroundings / environment / equiv;
- From sensors / sense organs / egs / equiv.
- Too much / lots of information;
- Information is filtered / selective attention;
- Attended information enters short – term memory
(Sub max 2)
Long-term memory
- Store of past experiences;
- As Motor programme / schema / plan of action / skills / passes;
- Mental image of movement to be performed;
- Correct information / meaningful / important / rehearsed / relevant information stored;
- Information in to / from Short Term Memory;
(Sub max 2)
