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Gastrointestinal > Ingestion Of A Meal > Flashcards

Ingestion Of A Meal Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles are used in closing the mouth?

A

Temporalis and massester

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2
Q

Describe the temporalis muscle

A

Arises from the temporal fossa and inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible

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3
Q

Describe the masseter

A

Arises from the zygomatic process of the maxilla and inserts into the angle and ramus of the mandible

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4
Q

Which muscles open the mouth?

A

Lateral pterygoid, digastric and infrahyoid

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5
Q

Describe the lateral pterygoid

A

Arises from the sphenoid and inserts onto the condyloid process of the mandible

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6
Q

Describe the digastric muscle of mastication?

A

Posterior; arises from the mastoid notch
Anterior; arises from the lower border of the mandible
Inserts onto the hyoid

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7
Q

Describe the infrahyoid muscles of mastication

A

4 pairs of muscles, arise from hyoid and insert onto clavicle

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8
Q

What controls mastication?

A

Brain stem pattern generator
Fine tuning via sensory feedback through periodontal ligaments and proprioceptors
Change in occlusion will change chewing pattern

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9
Q

What are the 3 movements of mastication?

A

The temperomandibular joint (TMJ) allows three movements of mastication: open/close; protrusion/retraction; lateral

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10
Q

What activates salivation?

A

Mastication, taste, smell, anticipation

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11
Q

What inhibits salivation ?

A

Fear

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12
Q

Where are salivary nuclei activated?

A

Superior (pons)

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13
Q

Where are salivary nuclei inhibited?

A

Inferior ( medulla )

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14
Q

Which salivary glands are activated and by what carnival nerve?

A

Submandibular sublingual salivary glands activated by cranial nerve VII

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15
Q

Which salivary glands are inhibited and by what cranial nerve?

A

Parotid by cranial nerve IX

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16
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Tooth maintenance
Lubrication: allows speech, mastication and deglutition
Antibacterial/antifungal
Digestive; salivary amylase; lingual lipase

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17
Q

What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?

A

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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18
Q

What control are the muscles that move the mandible under?

A

Voluntary

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19
Q

What are the reflexes of the jaw?

A

Jaw unloading reflex and jaw jerk reflex

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20
Q

What are the main functions of saliva in preserving the teeth?

A

Dilution, clearance and buffering

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21
Q

What happens on the Stephan curve?

A

Plaque pH plummets from 7 to about 5 before climbing back up - sugar had been added
ph less than 5.5 teeth demineralise due to acid produced by bacteria
Saliva dilutes the sugar
Clear it by swallowing
Saliva has bicarbonate in it to neutralise the acid

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22
Q

How does saliva lubricate?

A

Salivary glycoproteins are sticky and move freely in a plane rubbing over each other side to send, but don’t move upwards
Make a thin film to coat all oral surfaces and food

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23
Q

Describe the oral/buccal phase of deglutition?

A

Voluntary
The bolus is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue
The teeth are brought together
The soft palate elevated to close the nasal cavity
The larynx rises to close the airways
(Inspiration is inhibited)

24
Q

Describe the pharyngeal stage of deglutition

A

Involuntary (reflex)
cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxes to open the oesophagus
The epiglottis steers the bolus over the trachea and the peristalsis starts

25
Q

Describe the oesophageal phase of deglutition

A

Peristalsis takes food down towards the stomach

All of changes in the oral / buccal and pharyngeal phases reverse

26
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Breaks down starch

27
Q

How is saliva antibacterial/antifungal?

A

Protection barrier
Secretory IgA
Lysozyme

28
Q

How many pairs on salivary glands are there and what are they called?

A

3 pairs
Parotid - biggest by ear
Submandibular - under and further back from tongue
Sublingual - under the tongue

29
Q

What type of saliva do parotid glands produce?

A

Serous

30
Q

What type of saliva do sublingual glands produce?

A

Mucous

Good for giving resting saliva

31
Q

What type of saliva do submandibular glands produce?

A

Mixed serous and mucous

32
Q

What type of saliva do minor glands produce?

A

Mucous

33
Q

What do all salivary glands secrete?

A

Both protein and fluid

34
Q

What is the consistency of saliva determined by?

A

The nature of the secreted protein

35
Q

What are the cells that produce saliva called?

A

Acinar cells

36
Q

What are the 2 types of acinus cells?

A

Serous acinus and mucous acinus

37
Q

Why does Mucinus acinus stain more heavily than serous acinus cells?

A

Has more glycoprotein

38
Q

What does saliva produced by acinus cells pass down?

A

Intercalated duct
Striated duct
Excretory duct

39
Q

Where is the nucleus located in acinar cells?

A

Basolateral or blood side

40
Q

What does the acinar contain?

A

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles

41
Q

What 2 things do you need for saliva?

A

Protein and fluid

42
Q

What is the secretion of protein in saliva regulated by?

A

Secondary messenger cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosohate

43
Q

What is fluid secretion in saliva regulated by?

A

Calcium

44
Q

What regulates cAMP production?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Noradrenalin

45
Q

What regulates Ca2+ secretion

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Acetylcholine

46
Q

What happens when noradrenaline binds to the beta adrenergic receptor?

A

Activates receptor
Activated receptor activates alpha subunit of G protein which then activates adenylate cyclase
Adenylate cyclase takes ATP and turns it into cyclic AMP

47
Q

What does cyclic AMP do in acinar cells?

A

Diffuses into the nucleus where it switches on protein transcription
Causes maturation of the proteins and the formation of secretory vesicles
Stimulates exocytosis in acinar cells

48
Q

How does IgA get from the blood to the saliva?

A

Receptors for IgA on the basolateral membrane
Bind the IgA
IgA is internalised and crosses the cell in the vesicles then exocytose off in the apical membrane

49
Q

What receptor does IgA bind to?

A

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor

PIgR

50
Q

What receptor is involved in fluid secretion?

A

M3 muscarinic receptor

51
Q

What happens when M3 muscarinic receptor is activated?

A

Activated by acetylcholine
Causes activation of phospholipase C
Phospholipase C makes IP3

52
Q

What does IP3 do?

A

Releases calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ increases in acinar cells
Ca2+ depended ion channels on membrane
Apical - chloride and basolateral K+ move out of cell
Creates charge imbalance across tissue
Drags sodium between cells
Moves salt from basolateral side to to apical side
Creates and osmotic gradient
Moved fluid

53
Q

What happens if salivary glands aren’t working?

A

Opportunistic infections eg Candida infection

Rampant caries

54
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

Dry mouth

55
Q

What causes xerostomia?

A

Analgesics
Anti hypertensives
Anti depressants
Anti histamines

Gastrointestinal (11 decks)

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