Inheritance

Question 1

Alleles

Answer 1

Different versions of the same gene

Question 2

Homologous Chromosome

Answer 2

pair of chromosomes in sexually producing organisms, one comes from each parent

Question 3

Autosome

Answer 3

The numbered chromosomes as opposed to the sex chromosomes

Question 4

Heterozygous

Answer 4

Different versions of the same gene, one dominant, one recessive. Dominant will be expressed

Question 5

Homozygous Recessive

Answer 5

Identical copies of the same gene, both recessive. Recessive will be exposed

Question 6

Homozygous Dominant

Answer 6

Identical copies of the same gene, both dominant. Dominant will be expressed

Question 7

Co-Dominance

Answer 7

The inheritance pattern where both alleles in a heterogenous organism contribute to the phenotype. Both alleles are independently and equally expressed

Question 8

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 8

The situation where the action of one allele does not completely mask the action of the other and neither allele has dominant control over the trait. This results in the partial influence of both alleles

Question 9

Monohybrid

Answer 9

Single pair of genes that is responsible for one trait

Question 10

Dihybrid

Answer 10

Two pairs of genes that are responsible for two traits

Question 11

Hemizygous

Answer 11

A gene that occurs only as a single copy of a diploid organism

Question 12

Recombinant DNA

Answer 12

The process of transferring a gene from a cell of a member of one species to the cell of a different species

Question 13

Gene Cloning

Answer 13

The process of using plasmids and bacteria to make numerous copies of a gene

Question 14

Plasmids

Answer 14

A large piece of DNA found in bacteria, which reproduces independently of the bacterial chromosome, used as vectors that are a vehicle to transfer DNA sequences from one organism to another. Used to make recombinant DNA

Question 15

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 15

Cut DNA into smaller pieces called restriction fragments, at specific base sequences known as restriction sites; occur naturally in bacteria and are names after the bacterial strain they are derived from

Question 16

Sticky Ends

Answer 16

The end of a DNA fragment that is created after cleavage by a restriction enzyme that cuts DNA at different positions on each strand

Question 17

Making Recombinant DNA Step 1

Answer 17

Plasmids are extracted from bacteria by rupturing the cell membranes and cell walls

Question 18

Making Recombinant DNA Step 2

Answer 18

The same restriction enzyme is used to cut the plasmid DNA and the DNA of the gene to be inserted to ensure they have complimentary sticky ends

Question 19

Making Recombinant DNA Step 3

Answer 19

The plasmid vectors and the genes of interest are mixed together and their sticky ends pair

Question 20

Making Recombinant DNA Step 4

Answer 20

DNA ligase is used to join two segments to form recombinant plasmids by forming a phosphodiester bond between the two fragments of DNA by joining the 3’-hydroxyl end of one nucleotide with the 5’ end of another nucleotide

Question 21

Making Recombinant DNA Step 5

Answer 21

The recombinant plasmids are added to a bacterial culture, where they are taken up by some bacteria in a process called transformation. When the bacteria reproduce by dividing, the plasmid is also replicated. This generates numerous copies of the recombinant DNA

Question 22

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 22

Some phenotypes including skin, eye colour and height are determined by more than one gene and show continuous variation in populations. The greater the numbers of genes that control a characteristic, the greater the variation and possible gene combinations

Question 23

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer 23

A tool used in biotechnology to amplify or make millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence

Question 24

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 24

A technique that separates DNA fragments according to their size and charge. Molecule size markers are a set of pieces of DNA of known length that are used to estimate the size of other DNA fragments in a gel