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Biology > Inheritance, Variance and Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, Variance and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is the female gamete?

A

egg

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2
Q

what is the male gamete?

A

sperm

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3
Q

in plants what is the female gamete?

A

pollen

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4
Q

in plants what is the male gamete?

A

Guvm

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5
Q

What happens to the embryo to create identical twins?

A

it splits.

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6
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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7
Q

in which cell division process are the ‘daughter cells’ genetically identical?

A

mitosis

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8
Q

chromosomes duplicate by lining up in the middle of the cell. true or false

A

true

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9
Q

in mitosis the arm of the chromosome gets pulled to where?

A

the opposite side of the cell.

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10
Q

what structures of the cell have to divide to form 2 cells?

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane

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11
Q

in meiosis how many daughter cells are made?

A

4

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12
Q

in meiosis are the cells genetically the same?

A

no

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13
Q

how many sets of cell division does meiosis have?

A

2

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14
Q

What is an allele?

A

different versions of the same gene

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15
Q

give an example of an allele.

A

hair colour, eye colour

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16
Q

what is a gene?

A

a length of DNA

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17
Q

what do genes contain?

A

a code

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18
Q

what does the code in genes regulate?

A

proteins

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19
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a large molecule made of many small replicating units joined together

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20
Q

the monomer contains 3 structures. what are they?

A

circle- phosphate
house- sugar
square- base

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21
Q

what is the name of the structure of DNA

A

double helix

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22
Q

What are the 4 letters used in DNA codes

A

C, G, T, A

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23
Q

What project made scientists be able to track human migration patterns from the past?

A

Human Genome Project

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24
Q

The human genome project helped scientists be able to do what

A

search for genes linked to disease and understand the treatments for inherited disease

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25
what is a dominant allele
where the phenotype is always exposed
26
what is a recessive allele
weaker allele only expressed if there are two copies of it
27
what is homozygus
same allele
28
what is heterozygus
different allele
29
what is the phenotype
physical appearance of an individual
30
what is the genotype
alleles an induvial contains
31
polydactyl and what allele is it caused be
where an individual has many fingers or toes. dominant
32
what is cystic fibrosis
where the body makes a thick mucus that blocks the airways
33
what part of a cell causes a problem for cystic fibrosis
cell membrane
34
where else in the body apart from lungs can cystic fibrosis be prevalent
pancreas
35
is cystic fibrosis recessive or dominant
recessive
36
what can embryo screening be used for
testing presence of a genetic disorder or checking genes for inherited diseases
37
4 cons of embryo screening
risks of miscarriage false results can lead to unexpected births of children with genetic disorder could lead to termination of healthy pregnancy hard decisions expensive costly for tax payers could lead to designer babies
38
3 pros of embryo screening
becoming more reliable and accurate able to detect genetic disorder could avoid children being born into pain and suffering cost reducing for supporting kids with genetic disorders and healthcare
39
what is a species
organisms similar enough to breed
40
what is variation
where all individuals are different
41
how is genetic variation caused
mutations to genes
42
what is a mutation
change to genetic code of an organism
43
can mutations lead to new phenotypes
yes
44
put these species in order of evolution dinos reptiles fish amphibians man small mammals big mammals
fish amphibians reptiles dinos small mammals big mammals man
45
what is evolution
change over time
46
what is evolution in biological terms
change to a characteristic of a population over time
47
what is darwins theory of natural selection
variations in species cause mutations which leave organisms better adapted to survive and reproduce and pass on these characteristics to the next generation and this is survival of the fittest which is natural selection
48
why did people not believe darwins theory
insufficient evidence challenged story of creation genes were not known until 1950
49
is evolution the same as natural selection
no
50
what is natural selection
the mechanism of how evolution occured
51
what is a fossil
remains of an organism that lived many years ago and are found in rocks
52
how do fossils form
parts of organisms get replaced by minerals as the soft part decays.
53
why may fossils not form
no oxygen too cold no moisture no microbes
54
why is the fossil record incomplete
not all fossils have been found yet many have been destroyed some are soft bodied so decay
55
give 3 reasons species become extinct
human impact new diseases new predators new, more successful competitors single catastrophic event
56
how can fossils be made
amber/ resin conditions for decay are absent mineralises
57
describe selective breeding
farmers decide important livestock farmers select parents with desired traits selected parents bred together best offspring are selected best offspring breed next gen repeat
58
adv selective breeding
disease resistance aesthetic breed indivuals with best characteristics
59
disadv selective breeding
inbreeding leads to genetic defects disease can spread easily
60
what is genetic engineering
transferring a gene responsible for a characteristic from one organism into another organisms
61
what can genetic engineering be used for
treating diabetes improve size and quality of crops treating diseases stop inherited disorders
62
pros of genetic engineering
more food supply developing nations with correct nutrients
63
cons of genetic engineering
reduces biodiversity might be unsafe could create harmful mutations
64
explain how insulin can be formed using dna
human dna transferred to bacterial dna, insulin gene inserted, bacterial dna multiply and create insulin
65
what did carl linaeus do
developed a classification system that put plants and animals into kingdoms
66
what are the 5 kingdoms
prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants, animals
67
what are the 7 classification groups and there order
kingdom phylum class order family genus species
68
what is the 3 domain system
archea bacteria eukaryota
69
who created the 3 domain system
carl woese
70
what was the difference between woese and lineaus systems
linneaus: based on how organisms looked and behaved woese: based on dna and rna
71
what is the first word when referring to a class
genus
72
what is the second word when referring to a class
species
73
why were latin names used
easily understood by all scientists and no language discrimination
74
what are evolutionary trees used for?
scientists to show how they believe organisms are related
75
how do you know if something is closely related on an evolutionary tree
species are close together

Biology (7 decks)

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