INNATE & ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Question 1

It can be defined as the body’s ability to defend against specific pathogens and/or foreign substances in the initiation of disease processes.

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

The multidimensional response initiated by the body’s various defense systems

Answer 2

Immune Response

Question 3

Responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances.

Answer 3

Innate Defenses/Nonspecific Immunity

Question 4

Fights invaders that get past the innate defenses by mounting an attack against one or more particular foreign substances.

Answer 4

Adaptive Defenses/Specific Defense System

Question 5

(2) Innate Body Defenses

Answer 5

• First-line Defense
• Second-line Defense

Question 6

(7) First-line Defense

Answer 6

1. Intact skin
2. Intact mucus membranes
   • Mucus
   • Nasal hairs
   • Cilia
   • Gastric juice
   • Acid mantle of the vagina
   • Lacrimal secretion

Question 7

Filter and trap microorganisms and other airborne particles in nasal passages

Answer 7

Nasal hairs

Question 8

Propel debris-laden mucus away from respiratory
passages

Answer 8

Cilia

Question 9

Contains concentrated HCl and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach.

Answer 9

Gastric Juice

Question 10

Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female
reproductive tract.

Answer 10

Acid Mantle of Vagina

Question 11

• Refers to the production and release of tears from the lacrimal glands.
• It helps lubricate, protect, and clean the eyes by removing debris and preventing dryness. Tears contain water, electrolytes, enzymes, and antibodies, providing both moisture and immune defense.

Answer 11

Lacrimal Secretion

Question 12

(4) Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals

Answer 12

• Phagocytes
• Natural Killer Cells
• Inflammatory response
• Fever

Question 13

• A unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus-infected body cells, and some other nonspecific targets well before the adaptive arm of the immune system is enlisted in the fight.
• Not phagocytic

Answer 13

Natural Killer Cells

Question 14

Natural Killer Cells release lytic chemicals called ______ and ______

Answer 14

Perforin and Granzymes

Question 15

(3) Cardinal Signs of the Inflammatory Response

Answer 15

• Redness
• Heat
• Pain
• Swelling

Question 16

When cells are damaged, they release
inflammatory chemicals, including _____ and _____

Answer 16

Histamine and Kinins

Question 17

Histamine and Kinins causes: (3)

Answer 17

1. Cause vasodilation
2. Make capillaries leaky
3. Attract phagocytes and WBCs to the area (positive chemotaxis)

Question 18

Once the inflammatory process has begun: (3)

Answer 18

1. Neutrophils enter the blood from the bone marrow
2. Neutrophils flatten out and squeeze through the capillary walls (diapedesis)
3. Neutrophils gather at the side of tissue injury

Question 19

are activated and begin to wall off the damaged area with fibrin to prevent the spread of harmful agents to neighboring tissues

Answer 19

Clotting Proteins

Question 20

It forms scaffolding for permanent repair.

Answer 20

Fibrin Mesh

Question 21

The local heat (increases, decreases) the metabolic rate of the tissue cells, speeding up their defensive actions and repair processes.

Answer 21

Increases

Question 22

It is a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells, and living and dead pathogens.

Answer 22

Pus

Question 23

If the inflammatory mechanism fails to fully clear the area of debris, the sac of pus may become walled off, forming an _______

Answer 23

Abscess

Question 24

It engulfs a foreign particle by the process of phagocytosis.

Answer 24

Phagocytes

Question 25

A variety of this enhance the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce.

Answer 25

Antimicrobial Proteins

Question 26

2 types of Antimicrobial Proteins

Answer 26

• Complements • Interferons

Question 27

• It refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much like inactive clotting proteins • When this becomes attached or fixed to foreign cells, it is activated and becomes a major factor in the fight against foreign cells.

Answer 27

Complement

Question 28

Results of complement fixation:

Answer 28

1. Formation of membrane attack complexes (MAC) 2. Release of vasodilators that attract neutrophils and macrophages

Question 29

• Diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors • Interferes with the ability of viruses to multiply within healthy cells, reducing the spread of the virus.

Answer 29

Interferon

Question 30

• Abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic response to invading microorganisms • Regulated by the hypothalamus

Answer 30

Fever

Question 31

Fever caused by

Answer 31

Pyrogens

Question 32

(2) Adaptive Body Defenses

Answer 32

• Humoral Immune Response/Antibody-Mediated • Cellular Immune Response/Cell-Mediated

Question 33

Active and Passive Humoral Immunity Cellular Immunity is under

Answer 33

Humoral Immune Response/Antibody-Mediated

Question 34

Important aspects of adaptive defense:

Answer 34

1. It is antigen specific 2. It is systematic 3. It has “memory”

Question 35

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response

Answer 35

Antigen

Question 36

Molecules that do not trigger an immune response but are strongly antigenic to other people

Answer 36

Self-Antigen

Question 37

• a.k.a incomplete antigen • Small molecules bound to proteins that the immune system will recognize as foreign

Answer 37

Hapten

Question 38

What are the 2 arms of the adaptive defense system?

Answer 38

• B lymphocytes • T lymphocytes

Question 39

produce antibodies and oversee humoral activity (B cells)

Answer 39

B lymphocytes

Question 40

constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies (T cells)

Answer 40

T lymphocytes

Question 41

play an essential role in activating the lymphocytes that respond to specific antigen

Answer 41

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Question 42

Major roles of APCs:

Answer 42

Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells.

Question 43

Major types of APCs:

Answer 43

• Dendritic cells • Macrophages • B lymphocytes

Question 44

• Present in connective tissues and in the epidermis (Langerhans) • “mobile sentinels” • Most effective antigen presenters

Answer 44

Dendritic Cells

Question 45

• Widely distributed throughout the lymphoid organs and connective tissue • Act as phagocytes

Answer 45

Macrophages

Question 46

The binding event that sensitizes or activates the lymphocyte to “switch on”.

Answer 46

Clonal Selection

Question 47

(2) Active Immunity

Answer 47

1. Naturally acquired — bacterial or viral infections 2. Artificially acquired — vaccine

Question 48

(2) Passive Immunity

Answer 48

1. Naturally-acquired– mother to fetus (placenta, or breastmilk) 2. Artificially-acquired– Injection of donated antibodies (gamma globulins)

Question 49

• Also known as immunoglobulins (Igs) • Soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen,

Answer 49

Antibodies

Question 50

Antibodies is capable of:

Answer 50

1. Neutralization 2. Agglutination 3. Precipitation

Question 51

The first antibody produced during an infection; effective in forming antigen-antibody complexes

Answer 51

IgM

Question 52

• Found in mucosal secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk); • Protects mucous membranes from infections

Answer 52

IgA

Question 53

Cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell; important in activation of B cell

Answer 53

IgD

Question 54

The most abundant antibody; provides long-term immunity and crosses the placenta to protect newborns.

Answer 54

IgG

Question 55

• Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections. • Binds to mast cells and basophils and triggers release of histamine

Answer 55

IgE

Question 56

Specialize in killing virus-infected,cancer, or foreign graft cells directly.

Answer 56

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 57

Cytotoxic T cells ability:

Answer 57

1. Bind tightly to foreign cells 2. Release toxic chemicals called perforin and granzymes 3. Enter the foreign cell’s plasma membrane, pores appear 4. Granzymes enter and kill the foreign cell

Question 58

• T cells that act as the “directors” or “managers” of the adaptive immune response. • Circulate through the body, “recruiting” other cells to fight

Answer 58

Helper T cells

Question 59

Helper T cells release cytokines that:

Answer 59

1. Stimulate cytotoxic T and B cells to grow and divide 2. Attract other types of WBCs into the area 3. Enhance the ability of macrophages

Question 60

• Formerly called suppressor T cells • Release chemicals that suppress the activity of both T and B cells

Answer 60

Regulatory T cells

Question 61

(4) Organ Transplants & Rejection

Answer 61

• Autografts • Isografts • Allografts • Xenografts

Question 62

Tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person.

Answer 62

Autografts

Question 63

Tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person (identical twin)

Answer 63

Isografts

Question 64

Tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin.

Answer 64

Allografts

Question 65

Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species

Answer 65

Xenografts

Question 66

Immunosuppressive Therapy

Answer 66

• Corticosteroids • Radiation therapy • Immunosuppressor drugs

Question 67

Anti-inflammatory drugs that suppress immune responses by reducing inflammation and inhibiting immune cell activity.

Answer 67

Corticosteroids

Question 68

Uses high-energy radiation to destroy or weaken immune cells, often used in cancer treatment and certain autoimmune conditions.

Answer 68

Radiation Therapy

Question 69

Medications that inhibit specific parts of the immune system to prevent transplant rejection or control autoimmune diseases (e.g., cyclosporine, azathioprine).

Answer 69

Immunosuppressor Drugs