STOICHIOMETRY Flashcards
(25 cards)
• Is the science which deals with the discovery and design of new and better therapeutic chemicals and development of these chemicals new medicines and drugs.
• The chemist attempts to design and synthesize a medicine or a pharmaceutical agent which will benefit humanity.
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
It involves in:
• Make new compounds
• Determine compounds effect on biological processes
• Alter the structure (SAR- Structure-Activity
Relationships) of the compound for optimum
effect and minimum side effects.
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
SAR means?
Structure-Activity Relationships
• Is the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials.
•The construction of complex and defined new molecules is a challenging and complicated undertaking, and one that requires the constant development of new reactions, catalysts and techniques.
Synthesis
4 Factors affect chemical reaction
• Chemical Nature of the Reacting Substances
• Physical States of the Reactants
• Temperature of the Reactants
• Concentrations of the Reactants
• refers to separating and purifying a specific compound from a mixture, ensuring it is in its pure form.
• particular interest to the oil, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and alcohol production industries.
Isolation
•is the physical or chemical process of removing
contaminants from a compound. The physical processes may include sublimation, distillation, filtration, crystallisation, or extraction.
Purification
• are a broad category of tests intended to verify the presence of a specific element, functional group or compound.
Identification Test
2 types of Identification Test
• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
These tests check characteristics like color, odor, melting point, boiling point, and solubility without changing the substance itself.
Physical Properties
These tests involve chemical reactions to see how a substance interacts with other chemicals, such as changes in color, gas formation, or precipitation.
Chemical Properties
• It is a reactions occur when cations and anions in aqueous solution combine to form an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate.
• The determining factors of the formation of a precipitate can vary.
• Some reactions depend on temperature, such as solutions used for buffers, whereas others are dependent only on solution concentration.
• The solids produced in precipitate reactions are
crystalline solids, and can be suspended throughout the liquid or fall to the bottom of the solution.
Precipitation
• Are those techniques that can be used to separate two different states of matter such as liquid and solid.
• Suchtechniques include filtration or evaporation.
• Separation process, or a separation method, or simply a separation, is a methodology to attain any mass transfer phenomenon that converts a mixture of substances into two or more distinct product mixtures.
Separation (Separation Process/Separation Method)
• Also known as fractional crystallization, is a procedure for purifying an impure compound in a solvent.
• The sample requires to use a solvent that is insoluble at room temperature but soluble at high temperature.
• It requires to use right solvent for the sample.
Recrystallization
• Set up that allows for liquid to boil and condense, with the condensed liquid returning to the
original flask.
• Is analogous to a distillation, with the main difference being the vertical placement of the condenser.
• The liquid remains at the boiling point of the
solvent (or solution) during active reflux.
Reflux Set-up
• Generally is defined as the area of science
concerned with the absorption, emission, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by atoms and molecules, which may be in the gas, liquid, or solid phase.
• It is used in physical and analytical chemistry to
detect, determine, or quantify the molecular and/or structural composition of a sample. Each type of molecule and atom will reflect, absorb, or emit electromagnetic radiation in its own characteristic way.
• It uses these characteristics to deduce and analyze the composition of a sample
Spectroscopy
• Is an analytical technique commonly used for
separating a mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that the individual
components can be thoroughly analyzed.
Chromatography
Heart of Chromatography
Column Chromatography
• A way to separate a desired substance when it is
mixed with others. The mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of interest is soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble.
• It use two immiscible phases (these are phases that do not mix, like oil and water) to separate the substance from one phase into the other.
Extraction
• It is the percent ratio of actual yield to the
theoretical yield. It is calculated to be the experimental yield divided by theoretical yield multiplied by 100%.
Percent Yield
• Reactants not completely used up are called excess reagents, and the reactant that completely reacts is called _____
Limiting Reagent
• Amounts of products calculated from the complete reaction of the limiting reagent are called
______
• Whereas the amount actually produced of a product is the _____
Theoretical Yield / Actual Yield
• Is a section of chemistry that involves using
relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data.
• In order to use this to run calculations about chemical reactions, it is important to first understand the relationships that exist between products and reactants and why they exist, which
require understanding how to balanced reactions.
Stoichiometry
