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Infection And Immunity > Innate / Cytokines > Flashcards

Innate / Cytokines Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 3 professional phagocytes

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

Macrophages

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2
Q

Whats the normal amount of neutrophils in the blood

A

7.5 x 10^9 /l

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3
Q

Whats the half life of neutrophils

A

7 hours

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4
Q

Where do monocytes do their phagocytosis?

A

Bloodstream

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5
Q

What do monocytes form when they enter tissue?

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

What is macrophages toxic mediator?

A

nitric oxide

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7
Q

What contains more organelles… macrophages or monocytes?

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

Name a non professional phagocyte

Whats its main role?

A

Dentritic cells

Antigen presentation

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9
Q

What produces NETS

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

How do NETS work?

A

Release of DNA /Protein from neutrophil

Binds /kill pathogens

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11
Q

What are the two types of NETS

A

Suicadal NETS

Vital NETosis

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12
Q

Name the 3 phagocyte stages

A

Quiescent

Primed

Activated

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13
Q

During the quiescent stage of a phagocyte, how do they react and what damage is there to vasculature ?

A

React weakly

Minimal damage

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14
Q

How is a phagocyte Primed?

How long does it take?

A

Subthreshold of cytokine

Primed for phagocytosis

Over minutes to hours

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15
Q

What happens when a phagocyte is activated?

What type of response is activated?

A

Full effective response

Granule response

ROS

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16
Q

What are the 3 components used in the identification of a PAMP (LPS) on macrophages

A

TLR-4

CD14

LBP

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17
Q

Name 3 opsonin proteins

A

CRP

Complement (C3b)

Antibody (IgM)

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18
Q

Opsonisation can increase phagocytosis by how much?

A

4000x

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19
Q

During respiratory burst, what enzyme adds electron electron to produce free radicals?

A

NADPH oxidase

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20
Q

Super oxide—> H202 —> Hydroxyl radicals + ?

A

Hypochlorite ions

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21
Q

What can evade ROS

A

Salmonella

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22
Q

What term is given to someone with decreased neutrophil production?

A

Neutropenia

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23
Q

How much neutrophils are present in Neutropenia?

A

< 0.2 x 10^9 /l

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24
Q

Name an injection which can boost neutrophil count

A

GCSF

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25
LAD
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
26
CGD (genetic Q)
Inherited and X linked
27
What is there a defect in CGD
Phox protein on NADPH
28
What can escape the ROS system if you have CGD
Staph.aureus Aspergillus
29
Name a diagnostic test used in CGD
NBT Lack of blue colour indicates low neutrophil count
30
Name 3 systems of CGD
Lymphadenitis Granulomas in liver Osteomyelitis
31
Name 3 treatments of CGD
Prophylactic antibiotics IFN-y (boosts no oxidase dep. killing) Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
32
What is the size of cytokines
25kDa
33
Whats the affinity of a cytokine to its specific receptor
10^-12 Kdis
34
Pleiotropy cytokine
1 cytokine Multiple effects
35
Redundancy
Many cytokines One function
36
Antagonism example
MCRA Aldosterone antagonist
37
Where are cytokines released from? And example?
Inflammasomes NLRP3
38
What activates caspase 1? What does Caspase 1 activate?
PAMP /DAMP Inflammasomes
39
Where are inflammasomes found?
Macrophages Neutrophils
40
Name an example of a chemokine What releases it?
IL-8 Neutrophils
41
What do chemokines bind to? What does this cause?
Endothelial surface Causes selectins to migrate to endothelial surface
42
Whats the role of prostaglandins?
Increase Vascular Permeability increase Vascular Dilation Induce Neutrophil chemotaxis
43
Give an example of a PG and the cell which produces it
Monocytes (PGE2) Neutrophils (PGE2) Mast Cell (PGD2)
44
Name 3 roles of leukotrines
Chemoattractant neutrophils (LTB4) Induce smooth muscle contraction Causes stasis
45
What 3 cells produces LT?
Macrophages Monocytes Neutrophils
46
What do Selectins bind to on leukocytes? Give example
Mucin like CAM LSelectin —> GlyCAM-1
47
Whats the step that selectins cause
Rolling Adhesion Step
48
Integrity are found where? What do they bind to? Example
Leukocytes Ig CAM a4b7 —> IgCAM-1
49
What chemokine causes the recruitment of Ig CAM / selectins to the endothelial surface
IL-8
50
What triggers MC to release PG /LT?
PAMPs + TLR-4 IgE
51
Name 3 cytokines released from activated macrophages for local effects
Il-1b TNF-a Il-6
52
What is Il-b
Mitogen Encourages a cell to divide (lymphocytes)
53
What organ produces Acute Phase Proteins
Liver
54
Where are SP-A/D found? What do they bind to? Whats its two roles
Macrophages in alveolar fluid in lung Bind to pathogens via globular lectin domain Opsonisation Phagocytosis
55
Name a respiratory pathogen where SPA-D prevent it from spreading by promoting phagocytosis
Pneumocystis jirovecii fungus
56
Name 5 acute phase proteins
SPA/D CRP MBL Fibrinogen
57
Name 2 cytokines which inhibits inflammation What do they do?
Il-10 TGF-b Deactivates macrophages and their antigen presentation
58
Name two hormones which inhibit macrophages and decrease fever Where are they produced?
MSH CSH Pituitary gland
59
Name a drug treatment against altered inflammatory response /(sepsis)
Corticosteroids
60
Define chronic inflammation
Inflammatory agent persists due to resistance or deficient immunity
61
What do macrophages form in CI?
M1 —> M2 (epitheliod) Granuloma
62
What are the two stages of sepsis
Warm Cold
63
During warm stage, what 3 symptoms are present
>38* Tachycardia >12x10^3 mm^-3 WBC count
64
During cold stage, what 3 symptoms are present?
Cold <36* Hypotension <90mmHg Purpura (skin lesions)
65
Sepsis 6
High oxygen Blood cultures IV antibiotics IV fluids Lactate check Monitor urine output
66
Name two tests for sepsis
CBC test Bowel/urine culture
67
Name an anti inflammatory drug How does it work? Whats a danger with it?
APC Inhibits thrombin formation Inhibits WBC adhesion Severe bleeding

Infection And Immunity (7 decks)

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