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Microbiology And Immunology > Innate Defences > Flashcards

Innate Defences Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 defences in innate

A

Barriers

Cell defences eg neutrophils

Molecular defence

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2
Q

What are the 5 physical barriers to pathogens

A

Skin

Mucus/cilia

Tears with lysozymes

Low ph in vagina

Acidic stomach

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3
Q

Which areas are commensal microbiota good for defences

A

Skin and mucus

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4
Q

How do lysozymes kill pathogens as anti microbial enzymes

A

Attack the peptidoglycan cell walls

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5
Q

Apart from lysozymes what other antimicrobial enzymes are there

A

Phospholipase A2

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6
Q

What are anti microbial peptides

A

Cationic proteins eg on peyers patch or mucosal surfaces which destroy pathogens via pores

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7
Q

Where do lectins have antimicrobial effects

A

Liver

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8
Q

What are the receptors called on macrophages, neutrophils etc in innate immunity

A

Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

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9
Q

What are the 3 major PAttern recognition receptors

A

Toll like receptors TLR

Nod like receptors NLR

Rig 1 like helicases

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10
Q

Which PRR is cell surface

A

Toll like receptors

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11
Q

What kind of receptors do nod like and rig 1 like receptors have

A

Intracellular

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12
Q

What are the things called which the 10 types of toll like receptors recognise and bind

A

Pamps

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13
Q

Give 4 examples of pamps toll like receptors recognise on pathogens

A

Mannose oligosaccharides

Peptidoglycan (cell wall)

Lipopolysaccharides (on gram -ve)

CPG dna

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14
Q

What do leucocytes include

A

Lymphocytes Ie b,t, NK

Mast cells

Granulocytes/myeloblast ie neutro,baso,eosino

Monocytes ie macrophages in tissue

Dendritic cells

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15
Q

Which leucocytes are both innate and adaptive

A

Dendritic cells

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of leucocytes which are APC

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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17
Q

Which leucocytes kill antibody coated pathogens

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

Are neutrophils involved in phagocytosis as well as macrophages

A

Yes

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19
Q

Which leucocytes have granules such as histamine

A

Mast cells

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20
Q

What are the 3 cell defences in innate response

A

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Extra cellular killing

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21
Q

Which leucocytes involved in pahagocytosis are multi lobed nuclei and short lived

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages

A

Monocytes when in blood

Macrophages when in tissue

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23
Q

Explain the steps of phagocytosis

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A

Macrophage/ neutrophils detect via toll receptors usually eg LPS or mannose

Bind to bacteria and release cytokines

Macrophages engulf the bacteria (endocytosis)

Forms a vacuole called phagosome

Fuses with lysosomes and lysozymes digest the bacteria in the phagolysosome

24
Q

Why are lysozymes acidification important

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A

Bacteria static or bacteriocidal effects

25
What are the other things which are bacteriocidal other than the hydrolase lysozymes
Antimicrobial peptides Toxic NO Toxic Oxygen products Lactoferrins
26
What are lactoferrins and how do they stop bacteria
Fe competitors which bacteria need
27
How are toxic oxygen intermediates produced which are bacteriocidal/ static
Via NADPH oxidase
28
Other than the NADPH oxidase producing toxic oxygen , what other oxygen pathway kills bacteria
Halogenation
29
Which fungal prone disease lacks the NADPH oxidase pathway so can’t kill bacteria
CGD
30
How are macrophages activated
Bacteria products or cytokines
31
What is extracellular killing for
When organisms are too large for phagocytosis
32
Which 2 leucocytes are involved in EC killing
Eosinophils and NK cells
33
Give an example of an antibody coated pathogen eosinophils kill in EC killing
Worms
34
Which chemicals do eosinophils involve give examples
Chemokines Cytokines
35
Which types of things do NK cells attack in EC killing
Viruses eg influenza Tumour cells
36
What do NK cells release which is helpful to control viruses before the adaptive response kicks in
Interferon IFN y(gamma)
37
Which proteins do NK cells have for EC killing
Perforin Granzymes
38
What are eosinophils and NK cells activated by for EC killing
Cytokines eg interferons , IL, TNF a
39
What are the 5 categories of cytokines which stimulate EC killing and also phagocytosis
``` Interferons Interleukins Chemokines Lymphokines TNFa ```
40
What are lymphokines
Cytokines produced by lymphocytes
41
Do cytokines also stimulate inflammation?
Yes
42
How do cytokines have effect
Binding to receptors
43
How can cytokine response be reduced
Control of expression of cytokine receptors
44
Can cytokines trigger their own production
Yes
45
Which 3 functions do cytokines have
Innate mediators eg EC killing, phagocytosis, inflammatory Adaptive mediators eg lymphokines Stimulate haematopoiesis
46
What is the name of the chemokine which attracts T cells and neutrophils and is produced by macrophages
IL 8
47
Which 3 cytokines produced by macrophages cause a fever due to stimulation of hypothalamus
TNFa IL 1B IL 6
48
Why do cytokines act on endothelium
Make them leaky eg nose to allow wbc escape to site of infection
49
Which things is inflammation triggered by
Macrophage or lymphocyte cytokines Complement system (IE T cells and B cells) Mast cells (histamine granules)
50
What 3 things happens in inflammation to allow cells to get from blood into tissues through endothelium
Increase in vasodilation for blood flow Endothelial permeability eg via histamines or cytokines Increase in adhesion molecules for cells
51
What causes pain (dolor) in inflammation
Cells such as neutrophils which flood to the tissues forming swelling (tumour/Edema)
52
What happens for cytokines to be released to allow inflammation eg release of TNF a
Macrophage phagocytosis
53
Which types of things are attracted into tissues after dilation and endothelial permeability
Platelets (for wound healing) More phagocytes eg neutrophils Lymphocytes to start the adaptive response
54
Which bacteria need to be phagocytosed to cause an endotoxic shock (inflammation)
Gram -ce, the release of their lipopolysaccharide endo toxins
55
What does cytokine storm cause (inflammation which is systemic)
Circulatory shock (lack of blood flow eg due to dilation) Clot formation (too many platelets) Edema (swelling due to increased fluid/ cells in the tissues)
56
What is it called when too many clots form in inflammation
DIC
57
What is systemic inflammation/ cytokine storm called
Sepsis / toxic shock

Microbiology And Immunology (33 decks)

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