Innate Immune Response

Question 1

Fixed

Answer 1

Innate Immunity

Question 2

Variable

Answer 2

Adaptive Immunity

Question 3

Intracellular immune response begins with what:

Answer 3

dendritic cells

Question 4

Extracellular immune response begins with what:

Answer 4

antibodies, complement/toll-like receptors

Question 5

What are the cells involved in extracellular immune response?

Answer 5

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils

Question 6

Spontaneous formation of C3b is in what complement pathway?

Answer 6

Alternative

Question 7

Complement pathway (classical) starts off by binding to what antibody?

Answer 7

C1 binds to IgM (“landing platform”) which is made by B cells!)

Question 8

C1 converts:

Answer 8

C2 & C4

Question 9

C3a is involved with:

C3b is involved with:

Answer 9

C3a = chemotaxis
C3b = opsonization

Question 10

How does C3 become activated?

Answer 10

C2 & C4 complex cleave it into C3a & C3b

Question 11

C3_ tags bacterium for destruction.

Answer 11

C3b

Question 12

C3b binds and causes activation of:

Answer 12

C6, C7, C8

Question 13

C6, C7, C8 bind and cause polymerization of:

Answer 13

C9

Question 14

C_ polymerizes and forms a pore and pokes a hole in the bacterium.

Answer 14

C9

Question 15

What initiates the cascade complex?

Answer 15

C5b

Question 16

What induces phagocytosis of bacterium?

Answer 16

C3b

Question 17

What are the three major functions of C3b?

Answer 17

1) Opsonin
2) Convertase
3) Activation of B cells (most critical step bc it gives you antibodies)

Question 18

What are the two inactivating factors for complement?

Answer 18

1) Soluble -> inactivates complement on bacteria & host
2) Membrane bound -> inactivates complement on host
(membrane bound protects our cells from C3b)
(soluble keep amount of C3b under control)

Question 19

How do you inhibit C1?

Answer 19

C1 inactivating factor - it removes the part that does the cleaving on C1

Question 20

What are two membrane bound factors that inhibit (alternative) complement?

Answer 20

MCP & DAF -> inhibit ALTERNATIVE pathway

Question 21

What membrane bound factor inhibits the formation of the pore?

Answer 21

CD59 (binds to C5b, 6, 7, 8 and prevents recruiting of C9)

Question 22

C3a & C5a are anaphylactoxins. They also:

Answer 22

Alter vascular endothelium & recruit inflammatory cells

Question 23

What are the four initial steps to extracellular bacteria entering body?

Answer 23

1) Complement activation
2) C3b receptors (for opsonization & B cell activation)
3) C3a & C5a (inflammatory mediators)
4) Cell recruitment

Question 24

What are four PAMPs?

Answer 24

fMLP, LPS, Glycan, Mannose

• PAMPs are the things that make bacteria cells unique compared to our cells (we don’t have these things!)*
• Our body recognizes PAMPs with TLRs*

Question 25

What are the cytokines secreted by macrophages? (5)

Answer 25

``` IL-1 IL-6 IL-12 TNF-a CXCL8 (IL-8) *these are the cytokines of the innate immune response ```

Question 26

TNF-a and IL-1 induce:

Answer 26

blood vessels to be more permeable

Question 27

IL-6 is responsible for changes in:

Answer 27

temperature (it goes to hypothalamus and does this!)

Question 28

CXCL8 recruits:

Answer 28

neutrophils

Question 29

What are the 5 principles of cytokine biology? (BRS-FP)

Answer 29

``` Broad activity Redundant Second messengers Families Pleiotrophic ```

Question 30

What are some anti-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 30

IL-4, IL-10, TGF-B

Question 31

What are the functions of IL-1 (IL-18)? (ASS-P)

Answer 31

- Activates vascular endothelium & dendritic cells - Soluble inflammatory mediators - Systemic effects (causes fever!) - Produces IFN-y

Question 32

What are the functions of TNF-a? (ASS-PAC)

Answer 32

- Activates vascular endothelium & dendritic cells - Soluble inflammatory mediators - Systemic effects - Produces IL-1 - Apoptosis - Collapse venous return (ONLY cytokine that does this!)

Question 33

IL-1 produces __, and TNF-a produces __.

Answer 33

``` IL-1 = IFN-y TNF-a = IL-1 ```

Question 34

The cytokines secreted by macrophages have three major functions, what are they:

Answer 34

1) Activate complement opsonization 2) Phagocytosis 3) Decreased viral & bacterial replication

Question 35

How does intracellular pathogen process begin?

Answer 35

1) Dendritic cell infected 2) Cytokines are released (IFN-a & IFN-b) 3) Dendritic cells become mature 4) Dendritic cells migrate to lymph node

Question 36

What are the three major functions of IFN-a and IFN-b?

Answer 36

1) Resist viral replication 2) Increase ligands for receptors in NK cells 3) Activate NK cells to kill infected cells