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I&I - M1T1 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are important in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells

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2
Q

What positively charged antimicrobial peptides are maintained in epithelial cells and neutrophils?

A

Defensins

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3
Q

The innate immune response displays what two types of barriers?

A

Physical & chemical

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4
Q

How do innate immune cells recognize pathogens and become activated to carry out their numerous functions?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on innate cells non-specially recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens.

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5
Q

What are the three types of PRRs on innate cells and where are they located?

A

C-type lectin receptors - extracellular

TLRs - intracellular/extracellular

NOD-Like receptors - intracellular/cytoplasmic

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6
Q

Carbohydrates are recognized by what PRR?

A

C-type lectin receptors

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7
Q

What TLR recognizes LPS on G- bacteria?

A

TLR-4

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8
Q

What TLRs are located extracellularly?

A

TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-6

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9
Q

TLR-1, TLR-2, and TLR-6 recognized what ligands?

A

Peptidoglycan and lipoproteins on G+

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10
Q

What TLR recognizes flagellin?

A

TLR-5

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11
Q

What TLRs recognize viruses?

A

TLR-3 - dsRNA
TLR-7, TLR-8 - ssRNA

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12
Q

CpG DNA in bacteria are recognized by which TLR?

A

TLR-9

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13
Q

What cytokines increase inflammation and enhance the innate immune response?

A

TNF, IL-1. IL-6, IL-12

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14
Q

What cytokines are released by macrophages?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF alpha

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15
Q

IL-12, which is released by macrophages, serves what role?

A

Activates NK cells

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16
Q

What cytokine released by macrophages recruits neutrophils?

A

IL-8 (CXCL-8)

17
Q

Which cytokines induce fever?

A

IL-1, IL-6

18
Q

What is the function of IL-1?

A

Activation of the endothelium & lymphocytes. Also induces fever

19
Q

What is the function of TNF alpha?

A

Activation of the epithelium and increase of vascular permeability

20
Q

What cytokine triggers local containment of infection, but may cause shock when released systemically?

A

TNF alpha

21
Q

What is the process by which leukocytes enter tissues from the blood?

A

Leukocyte Rolling & Migration

22
Q

What receptors are present on macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells that enable phagocytosis?

A

Complement receptors & Fc receptors

23
Q

What enzymes are used by phagocytes for phagocytosis?

A

NADPH oxidase - reactive oxygen species

& inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) - reactive nitrogen species

24
Q

Where are MHC I receptors expressed? What is their function?

A

Expressed on all nucleated cells to present antigens to CD8 T Cells

25
Q

What cells display MHC II receptors? What is their function?

A

Present on professional phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells to present antigens to CD4 T cells

26
Q

Neutrophils phagocytize pathogens using reactive oxygen species. If a pathogen is catalase +, how will that affect phagocytosis?

A

Catalase breaks down H2O2 so there will be a decrease in pathogen vulnerability to phagocytosis by neutrophils

27
Q

How do macrophages differ from neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils - exist in blood, short-lived, first responders, phagocytosis by ROS, extracellular traps

Macrophages - exist in tissues, longer-lived, phagocytosis by NOS, cytokine release, antigen presentation, ingestion of necrotic host cells

28
Q

How does the function of dendritic cells differ from that of neutrophils and macrophages?

A

Dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens for the purpose of antigen presentation to T cells.

29
Q

How are virus-infected cells primarily killed?

A

By Natural Killer cells

30
Q

How are NK cells activated?

A

Activation receptors - antibody-coated cells, lectins, viral hemagglutinins

Inactivation receptors - MHC I

31
Q

A cell expresses less MHC I on the surface than typical. What might this be indicative of? What is the body’s response?

A

Viral-infected and tumor cells express less MHC I than normal cells. NK cells recognize lower levels of MHC I expression and phagocytize the cell.

32
Q

How do phagocytes phagocytize pathogens?

A

The phagocyte ingests the pathogen in a phagosome. The phagosome and lysosome undergo phagolysosomal fusion. The pathogen is degraded in the phagolysosome by degrative enzymes that were stored in the lysosome.

33
Q

What are the primary pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of PAMPS?

A

C-type lectin receptors, TLRs, NOD-like receptors

34
Q

Where are the PRRs located?

A

C-type lectin - extracellular

TLRs - extracellular & intracellular

NOD-like receptors - cytoplasm & intracellular

I&I - M1T1 (36 decks)

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