Innate Immunity

Question 1

the study of the body’s defense against infection

Answer 1

immunology

Question 2

inoculation with cowpox could protect against smallpox. He called the procedure vaccination

Answer 2

Edward Jenner (1796)

Question 3

inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened or attenuated strains of disease-causing agents to provide protection from disease

Answer 3

vaccination

Question 4

what is the greatest triumph of modern medicine

Answer 4

smallpox vaccination

Question 5

any foreign substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response in a host

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antigen

Question 6

nucleated white blood cells

Answer 6

leukocytes

Question 7

red blood cells

Answer 7

erythrocytes

Question 8

T cells and B cells

Answer 8

lymphocytes

Question 9

proteins secreted by leukocytes in response to microbes and other antigens that mediate and regular immune reactions and inflammation
influence the development of stem cells

Answer 9

cytokines

Question 10

cytokines that stimulate leukocyte motility and direct their movement
the relationship between a host and a pathogen is dynamic since each modifies the activities and functions of the other

Answer 10

chemokines

Question 11

functions of the immune system

Answer 11

immunological recognition
immune effector functions
immune regulation
immunological memory

Question 12

outcome of an infection depends on

Answer 12

the virulence of the pathogen
the relative degree of resistance or susceptibility of the host due mainly to the effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms

Question 13

leukocytes make up what percentage of blood cells

Answer 13

0.1%

Question 14

whole blood is composed of

Answer 14

plasma and cells

Question 15

contains proteins and other solutes

Answer 15

plasma

Question 16

the portion of blood that is not cells or clotting proteins

Answer 16

serum

Question 17

the production, development and differentiation of all blood cell types from the pluripotent stem cells in a mature organism it occurs in the bone marrow

Answer 17

hematopoiesis

Question 18

the ability of an organism to resist infection

Answer 18

immunity

Question 19

(nonspecific immunity)
the non inducible ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products
does not require previous exposure to a pathogen or its products
involves recognition of common PAMPs on pathogens
mediated by phagocytosis

Answer 19

innate immunity

Question 20

acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products
dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen or its products
directed toward an individual molecular component of the pathogen

Answer 20

adaptive immunity

Question 21

characteristics of the innate immunity

Answer 21

relatively low specificity
limited diversity
relatively stereotypic
does not generate memory
recognition of self
first line of defense

Question 22

characteristics of adaptive immunity

Answer 22

high specificity for microbes
large diversity
highly specialized
generates memory
recognition of self

Question 23

where lymphocytes are generated and first express antigen receptors and attain phenotypic and functional maturity
-bone marrow
-thymus

Answer 23

primary lymphoid tissues

Question 24

where mature naive lymphocytes are maintained and responses to foreign antigens are initiated and develop
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

Answer 24

secondary lymphoid tissues

Question 25

separate circulatory system that drains lymph fluid from extravascular tissues

Answer 25

lymphatic system

Question 26

how does the lymphatic system work

Answer 26

blood is pumped through arteries and capillaries and returns from the body through veins in capillary beds, leukocytes and solutes pass from blood into the lymphatic system

Question 27

lymph nodes contain high concentrations of

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lymphocytes and phagocytes

Question 28

the skin and the epithelia of the gastro-intestinal, respiratory and reproductive tracts

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pathogen entry

Question 29

via lymphatics to regional lymph nodes antigens in the arterial blood circulation are captured in the spleen

Answer 29

transport

Question 30

where are immune responses to lymph and blood borne antigens initiated

Answer 30

lymph nodes and the spleen

Question 31

innate immunity components

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circulating effector cells circulating effector proteins

Question 32

circulating effector cells

Answer 32

neutrophils eosinophils basophils macrophages dendritic cells NK cells

Question 33

circulating effector proteins

Answer 33

complement mannose-binding lectin

Question 34

mediated by antibodies that are produced by B lymphocytes

Answer 34

humoral immunity

Question 35

mediated by antigen specific T lymphocytes

Answer 35

cell-mediated immunity

Question 36

nucleated white blood cells

Answer 36

leukocytes

Question 37

produces T cells, B cells, and NK cells

Answer 37

lymphoid stem cells

Question 38

specialized leukocytes involved exclusively in adaptive immune response

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lymphocytes

Question 39

originate and mature in bone marrow

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B cells

Question 40

originate in bone marrow, but mature in thymus

Answer 40

T cells

Question 41

derived from a myeloid precursor cell

Answer 41

myeloid cells

Question 42

engulf, process and present antibodies to lymphocytes

Answer 42

antigen-presenting cells

Question 43

examples of antigen presenting cells

Answer 43

monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 44

contain toxins or enzymes that are released to kill target cells

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granulocytes

Question 45

examples of granulocytes

Answer 45

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Question 46

monocyte is precursor for

Answer 46

macrophage

Question 47

polymorphonuclear cells multi lobed nuclei 50-70% of WBC in humans first line of defense

Answer 47

neutrophils

Question 48

functional activities of neutrophils

Answer 48

phagocytosis killing by O2-independent mechanisms killing by ROI and RNI

Question 49

important for defense against large parasites, uses degranulation mechanism for extracellular killing

Answer 49

eosinophils

Question 50

blood basophil is a counter-part to tissue mast cell -histamine -serotonin

Answer 50

basophil

Question 51

functions of basophil

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pro-inflammatory cell defense against large parasites, major role in allergic reactions

Question 52

functions of dendritic cells

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antigen processing antigen presentation to T cells

Question 53

large granular lymphocytes found mainly in blood in spleen 2-8% of WBC in humans

Answer 53

Natural Killer cells

Question 54

functions of Natural Killer cells

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kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells, kill by antibody mediated cellular toxicity and kill cells lacking class I MHC molecules kill via pore formation (lysis) and apoptosis

Question 55

characteristics of T an B lymphocytes

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small 7-15micrometers, round cells will small cytoplasm 25-35% of WBC in humans

Question 56

B and T cells enter the bloodstream as

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mature naive lymphocytes

Question 57

B and T cells meet antigen in

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peripheral lymphoid tissues where adaptive immune responses are initiated

Question 58

how white cells find the bad guys the movement of phagocytes toward an increasing concentration of some attractant

Answer 58

chemotaxis

Question 59

how white cells eat microbes

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phagocytosis

Question 60

how white cells kill microbes

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oxidative burst

Question 61

the macrophage, like its cousin the neutrophil is a

Answer 61

phagocyte

Question 62

attractants of chemotaxis

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bacterial proteins, capsules, cell wall fragments, LPS complement components chemokine phospholipids released by injured host cells

Question 63

how do immune cells recognize microbes

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cells if the innate immune system recognize repetitive structures, known generally as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 64

receptors that recognize PAMPs

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pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 65

many microbial PAMPs are recognized by

Answer 65

troll-like receptors (TLRs)

Question 66

cell surface receptors or intracellularly and located in the membranes of endosomes

Answer 66

some TLRs

Question 67

how are microbes taken into the cell when recognized by TLRs in endosome

Answer 67

endocytosis or macropinocytosis

Question 68

how are phagolysosomes formed

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microbe internalized in the phagosome; phagosomes fuse with lysosomes

Question 69

acidification of the phagosome causes

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death of most pathogens

Question 70

NO is produced by nitric oxide synthase. Superoxide is generated by NADPH oxidase

Answer 70

respiratory burst

Question 71

a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli

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inflammation

Question 72

what does inflammation bring to site of tissue damage or infection

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leukocytes and plasma molecules

Question 73

function of cytokines and chemokine in regards to inflammation

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draw WBCs to site

Question 74

symptoms of localized inflammation

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redness (rubor) swelling (tumor) heat (calor) pain(dolor)

Question 75

effective inflammatory respisne

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isolates and limits tissue damage, destroying damaged cells and pathogens

Question 76

inflammation can result in

Answer 76

considerable damage to healthy tissue, particularly in key organs like lungs and brain tissue

Question 77

certain cytokines, particularly IL-1 cause the body's temp to rise

Answer 77

fever

Question 78

fever causing cytokines

Answer 78

pyrogens

Question 79

benefits of fever

Answer 79

increases circulation rate , allowing leukocytes to get to site of infection some pathogens cannot tolerate increased temperature an increase in transferring which sequester iron keeping it away from pathogens and limiting their growth

Question 80

dead and dying No are a major component of the pus that forms in some infections by extracellular bacteria, pus forming

Answer 80

pyogenic bacteria

Question 81

exudate; white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during bacterial or fungal infection

Answer 81

pus

Question 82

accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space

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abcess

Question 83

pus within or beneath the epidermis

Answer 83

pustule, pimple