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Innate Immunity Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

T/F innate immunity is NOT essential for effective host defense at the early stage of infection

A

False. it is very essential

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2
Q

T/F adaptive immunity is essential for microbe clearance

A

True

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3
Q

what are the three general steps of the innate immune response

A
  • recognition of the pathogen by host cells
  • recruitment of host cells at the site of infection
  • activation of destructive effector mechanisms
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4
Q

are intracellular or extracellular microorganisms accessible to soluble molecules and phagocytes

A

extracellular

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5
Q

how are intracellular microorganisms dealt with

A

they require killing or activation of infected cells

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6
Q

what are the defense mechanisms for dealing with infection in interstitial spaces, blood, and lymph

A

complement, macrophages, and neutrophils

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7
Q

what are the defense mechanisms for dealing with infection in epithelial surfaces

A

antimicrobial peptides

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8
Q

what are the defense mechanisms for dealing with infection in the cytoplasm

A

NK cells

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9
Q

what are the defense mechanisms for dealing with infection in vesicles

A

activated macrophages

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10
Q

PRR

A

pattern recognition receptors

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11
Q

PRR encoded in germline possess limited or broad diversity?

A

limited

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12
Q

T/F innate immunity recognizes structures shared by one class of microbes but not present on normal host cell

A

False. structures shared by various classes of microbes

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13
Q

is PRR distribution clonal or nonclonal

A

nonclonal

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14
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

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15
Q

what do PRRs recognize

A

PAMPs

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16
Q

define PAMPs

A

molecules expressed and/or produced solely by microbes and recognized by PRR expressed by immune cells

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17
Q

PRR expression and ligands are ______

A

redundant

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18
Q

where are PRRs located in the cell

A

plasma and endosomal membrane and in the cytosol

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19
Q

TLR

A

toll-like receptors

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20
Q

define TLRs

A

expressed on cells that are components of the innate immune system. PAMPs are recognized by TLRs

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21
Q

TLR-4 recognizes:

A

LPS

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22
Q

TLR-3 recognizes

A

sdRNA (double stranded)

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23
Q

how is TLR4 unique as a TLR

Study These Flashcards
A

it’s the only TLR that recruits two adapter proteins

24
Q

what are the two adapter proteins that TLR4 recruits

Study These Flashcards
A

MyD88 and TRIF

25
recruitment of adapter proteins by TLRs leads to what?
activation of transcription factors and cytokine production
26
which adapter protein does TLR3 recruit
TRIF
27
recruitment of adapter protein TRIF triggers what?
IFN alpha & beta production (which then leads to antiviral state)
28
recruitment of adapter protein MyD88 triggers what?
increased expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and costimulators. (which causes acute inflammation and stimulation of adaptive immunity)
29
epithelia can be three kinds of barriers:
physical - saliva in oral cavity chemical - kill microbes by disrupting outer membranes of bacteria and some virus cellular
30
general characteristics of a neutrophil
most abundant - 1 x 10^11/day short lived (6 hrs in blood) 2 kinds of granules: specific & azurophilic no lysosome
31
which cells are first to reach site of infection
neutrophils
32
3 steps in neutrophil activation and function
active recruitment microbe recognition and phagocytosis destruction
33
which cell is second to reach site of infection
monocytes in blood (macrophages in tissues)
34
general characteristics of monocytes
10x less abundant in blood than neutrophils long lived
35
when do macrophages come into the immune response
later stages, 1-2 days after infection
36
T/F macrophages divide and persist at inflammation site
True
37
two functions of classical/M1 macrophages
trigger inflammation, kill microbes
38
T/F dendritic cells do not have phagocytic capabilities
False. They do
39
what do classical DCs do
link innate and adaptive immune responses. - capture and display microbial antigens to naive T lymphocytes - tune T cell response by secreting cytokines
40
what do plasmacytoid DCs do
produce type 1 interferon (IFN alpha/beta) that possess antiviral activities
41
what are the two kinds of DCs
classical and plasmacytoid
42
T/F NKCs express somatically rearranged clonally distributed antigen receptors
False. They do not
43
are NKCs phagocytes?
nope
44
do NKCs need activation to kill?
nope
45
what is the NKC killin function enhanced by
IL-12 and IFN alpha/beta
46
how is a NKC inactivated
signals from inhibitory receptors block the signals from activating receptors (MHC class I is bound)
47
how is a NKC activated
lack of inhibitory receptor from MHC class I triggers activation
48
how does a NKC kill virus-infected cells
perforin and granzymes
49
what do NKCs produce and what does that do
IFN-gamma. activated macrophages and leads to killing of phagocytosed microbes
50
where are mast cells found
tissues like skin and lungs near blood vessels
51
where are basophils and eosinophils found
blood
52
when activated, what do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils do
release proteolytic enzymes and substances that contribute to inflammation
53
how many signals does lymphocyte activation require
two
54
what is signal 1
antigen binding to antigen receptor
55
what is signal 2 and what is it for
molecules provided by innate cells. for lymphocyte T activation
56
what is signal 3 also called
differentiation signal
57
APC
antigen presenting cell

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